A berry is a small, soft, and often edible fruit. Berries are usually watery, round, brightly colored, sweet or sour, and have no stones or holes, although many pips or seeds may be present. Common examples are strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, red currants, and black currants. In England, soft fruit is a horticultural term for such fruits.
The scientific use of the term "berry" differs from general usage. In scientific terminology, berries are the fruit produced from a single flowered ovary in which the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible part of the meat (pericarp). The definition includes many unusual fruits known as berries, such as grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants (eggplants), bananas, and chili. Fruits that are excluded by the definition of botany include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which are an aggregate fruit; and mulberry, which is a double fruit. Berries plant berries are said to be bacciferous or baccate .
While many berries can be eaten, some are poisonous to humans, such as deadly nightshades and pokeweed. Others, such as white mulberry, red mulberry, and elderberry, are toxic when raw, but can be eaten while cooking.
Berries are eaten throughout the world and are often used in jams, sweets, cakes, or pies. Some berries are commercially important. The berry industry varies from country to country like the kind of fruit cultivated or grown in the wild. Some berries such as raspberries and strawberries have been bred for hundreds of years and different from their wild counterparts, while other berries, such as lingonberi and cloudberry, grow almost exclusively in the wild.
Video Berry
History
The berries are valuable as a source of food for humans since before the start of agriculture, and remain among the other primate food sources. They are a seasonal staple for early hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, and the collection of wild berries remains a popular activity in Europe and North America today. Later, humans learn to store berries so they can be used in winter. They can be made into fruit preservatives, and among Native Americans, mixed with meat and fat as pemmican.
Berries also began to be cultivated in Europe and other countries. Several species of blackberries and raspberries of the genus Rubus have been cultivated since the 17th century, while blueberries and fine-skinned cranberries of the genus Vaccinium have been cultivated in the United States. for more than a century. In Japan, between the 10th and 18th centuries, the term ichibigo ichigo refers to many berries. The most widely cultivated berries of modern times, however, are strawberries, which are produced globally at twice the amount of all other berry crops combined.
The strawberry was mentioned by the ancient Romans, who thought it had medicinal properties, but it was not a farm. Forest strawberries began to be planted in French gardens in the 14th century. Musky-scented strawberries ( F. Moschata) began to be planted in European gardens at the end of the 16th century. Then, Virginia strawberry planted in Europe and the United States. The most common strawberries consumed, garden strawberries ( F. Ananassa ), are the unintentional hybrids of the Virginia strawberries and Chilean varieties Fragaria chiloensis . It was first noted by French gardeners around the mid-18th century, when F. moschata and F. virginiana were planted between rows > F. chiloensis , chile strawberries will produce abundant and unusually large fruits. Soon afterwards, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne began studying the breeding of strawberries and made some important discoveries for the science of plant breeding, such as the sexual reproduction of strawberries. Then, in the early 1800s, British breeders of strawberry varieties were made from F. ananassa important in strawberry nurseries in Europe, and hundreds of cultivars have been produced through the breeding of strawberries. Etymology
A form of the word "berry" is found in all Germanic languages; for example, Old English berie compared to Old Saxon and Old High German give and Old Norse ber . These forms point to the Ancient German * bazjo-m , which has been traced to Ancient Germany * bazo-z (which also leads to the naked English /i>, such as "empty fruit"). In Old English, the word was mainly applied to wine, but has since evolved to the current definition. Maps Berry
Definition of botany
In botanical terms, berries are a simple fruit with seeds and dregs produced from a single flower ovary. It's fleshy all along, except for the beans. It does not have a special "weakness line" where it is split to release the seed when it is ripe (ie not smoky). Berries may develop from the ovaries with one or more carpels (the female reproductive structure of the flower). The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy ovaries inside, but there are some non-meat examples such as chilies, with air rather than porridge around their seeds. The difference between daily and botanical "berry" usage yields three categories: berry fruits under both definitions; fruits that are botanical fruits but are not commonly known as berries; and parts of the plant commonly known as berries that are not botanical fruits, and may not even be fruit.
Berries under both definitions include blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, and fruit from many other members of the heather family, as well as gooseberry, goji berry and elderberry. The fruits of some "currant" (Ribes species), such as black currants, currants red and white currants, are botanical fruits, and treated as horticultural fruit (or as soft fruit in England), even though their most commonly used excluding the word "berry".
Botanical fruit is not commonly known as berries including bananas, tomatoes, grapes, eggplant (eggplant), persimmon, watermelon, and pumpkin.
There are several types of fruit commonly called berries, but not botanical fruit. Blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries are a type of aggregate fruit; they contain seeds from a different ovary from a single flower. In aggregates such as blackberries, the individual "fruitlets" that make up the fruit can be seen clearly. Blackthorn fruit can be called "sloe berry", but botanically is a fruit of small stones or drupes, such as plums or apricots. Juniper and yewies are generally said to have berries, but these differ from botanical fruits and vice versa of highly modified shells. In juniper berries, used to flavor gin, conic cone, hard and woody in most conifers, is soft and fleshy when cooked. The bright red berries of the yew tree consist of a fleshy plant (aril) that almost covers the poisonous seeds.
Cultivation
Strawberries have been planted in gardens in Europe since the 14th century. Blueberries were domesticated beginning in 1911, with the first commercial plant in 1916. Huckleberries of all varieties were not completely domesticated, but domestication was attempted from 1994-2010 to economically significant western huckleberry. Many other varieties of Vaccinium are also not domesticated, with some commercial interests.
Farming methods
Like most other food crops, berries are grown commercially, both with conventional pest management and integrated pest management practices (IPM). Organically certified berries are becoming more widely available. : 5
Many soft berries require a period of between 0 ° C and 10 ° C to break the dormancy. In general, strawberries require 200-300 hours, blueberries 650-850 hours, 700 hours of blackberries, raspberries 800-1700 hours, raisins and 800-1500 hours of gooseberry, and 2,000 hours of cranberries. However, too low temperatures will kill the crop: blueberries do not tolerate temperatures below -29 Â ° C, raspberries, depending on the variety, can tolerate as low as -31 Â ° C, and blackberries are hurt below -20 Â ° C. Spring frost, however, is much more damaging to berry plants than low winter temperatures. Sites with moderate slopes (3-5%), facing north or east, in the northern hemisphere, near a large body of water, which regulates spring temperatures, are considered ideal in preventing spring spring injuries on new leaves and flowers. All berries have a shallow root system. Many government grant counseling offices give the impression that strawberries should not be planted for more than five years at the same location, because of the danger of black root rot (although many other diseases use the same name), controlled in large commercial production. by the annual methyl bromide fumigation. In addition to the number of years in production, soil compaction, frequency of fumigation, and the use of herbicides enhance the appearance of black root rot in strawberries. Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and many other berries are susceptible to verticillium wilt. Blueberries and cranberries grow poorly if clay or mud deposits from the soil are more than 20%, while most other berries tolerate different types of soil. For most berry plants, the ideal soil is a well-dried sandy clay, with pH 6.2-6.8 and medium to high organic content; However, blueberries have an ideal pH of 4.2-4.8 and can be grown in dirt, while blueberries and cranberries prefer poorer soils with lower cation exchange, lower calcium, and lower phosphorus levels.
Planting most of the berries organically requires the use of appropriate crop rotations, the right mixture of crops, and the proper planting of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Because blueberries and cranberries thrive on land that is unfriendly to most other plants, and conventional fertilizers are toxic to them, the main concern when organizing them organically is the management of birds.
Small berry grains are generally stored at 90-95% relative humidity and 0 ° C. Cranberries, however, are sensitive ice, and should be stored at 3 C. Blueberries are the only berries that respond to ethylene, but the taste does not improve after harvest , so they need the same treatment as other berries. Removal of ethylene can reduce disease and decay in all berries. Precooling in one to two hours post-harvest to a storage temperature, generally 0 Ã, Â ° C, through forced air cooling increases the storage period of approximately one-third berries. Under optimal storage conditions, raspberries and blackberries last for two to five days, strawberries 7-10 days, blueberries two to four weeks, and cranberries two to four months. Berries can be sent under high carbon dioxide or modified atmosphere of 10-15% carbon dioxide for high carbon dioxide or 15-20% carbon dioxide and 5-10% oxygen for modified atmospheric containers to increase shelf life and prevent decaying gray mold.
Breeding
Several important discoveries in the science of plant breeding were made in the 18th century by Antoine Nicolas Duchesne in his work on strawberries. In the traditional techniques of plant breeding, give with certain desired characteristics selected and allowed to reproduce sexually with other berries, and descendants with improved properties can then be selected and used for further crosses. Plants can be hybridized with different species in the same genus; hybridization between different genera is also possible, but more difficult. Breeding can increase the size and yield of the fruit, enhance the taste and quality of its nutritional content, such as antioxidants, broaden the harvest season, and produce cultivars with resistance to disease, tolerance to hot or cold conditions, and more desirable. characteristic features.
In recent years, advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering allow for a more efficient and more targeted approach in selection for the desired genotype, through marker-assisted selection, for example. Genetic modification techniques can also be used for breeding berries.
Horticultural fruit fruit
Some unusual fruits are called berries and are not always botanically berries inserted by the university grant counseling offices in their guide for berry cultivation, or in a guide to identify the local wild fruit that is edible and non-edible. Examples include beach plums, American persimmon, papaya, Pacific crabapples, and prickly pear.
Commercial production
One source shows that, in 2005, there were 1.8 million acres of land around the world cultivating berries, with 6.3 million tons produced. : 4
Economy
According to figures from the Global Berry Congress 2015 in the US, over 6 million dollars of soft fruit is sold, accounting for 19% of total supermarket revenue, more than 11% banana berries and apples (14%), with rapid growth in the expected market.
In certain areas, berrypicking can become a big part of the economy, and it is becoming increasingly common for Western European countries like Sweden and Finland to import cheap labor from Thailand or Bulgaria to make berry selections. This practice has been under scrutiny in recent years due to low wages and poor living standards for "berry pickers", as well as a lack of worker safety.
Health and color benefits potential
Once cooked, the berries are usually colored in contrast to their background (often green leaves), making them visible and appealing to animal and fruit-eating birds. This helps spread the seeds widely.
Berry color is due to natural plant pigments, such as anthocyanins, along with other flavonoids that are localized primarily on berry, seed and leaves. Although berry pigments have antioxidant properties in vitro , there is no sufficient physiological evidence to ensure that berry pigments have actual antioxidants or other functions in the human body. As a result, it is not permitted to claim that foods containing polyphenols have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States or Europe.
Culinary Meaning
Use in baked goods
Berries are usually used in pies or tarts, such as grape pie, blueberry pie, blackberry pie, and strawberry pie.
Berries are often used in baking, such as blueberry muffins, blackberry muffins, bread berries, berry chips, berry cakes, berries, berry crust cakes, berry cakes, and berry cakes. Berries are generally put intact into the dough for baking, and care is often taken so as not to erupt the fruit. Frozen or dried fruits may be better for some grilled berry products. Fresh fruit is also often incorporated into roasted berry dishwashing, sometimes with cream, either as stuffing into dessert or as a sprinkling.
Beverage
Berries are often added to water and/or juice, such as cranberry juice, which accounts for 95% of the use of cranberries, blueberry juice, raspberry juice, goji berry juice, acai juice, aronia berry juice, and strawberry juice. Wine is the main fermented drink made from fruit (wine). Grapes are generally made from other berries. In most cases, the sugar should be added to the berry juice in the Chaptalization process to increase the alcohol content of the wine. Examples of fruit wines made from berries include: elderberry grapes, strawberry wine, blueberry grapes, blackberry grapes, red wine, huckleberry grapes, goji grapes, and cranberry grapes. Berries are used in several types of beer, especially framboise (made with raspberries) and other fruit lambics.
Dried
Raisins, raisins, and sultanas are examples of dried berries, and many other important berries are available in dry form.
Retain fruit
Berries are rotten fruit with short shelf life, and are often preserved by drying, freezing, pickling or making fruit. Berries such as blackberries, blueberries, boysenberries, lingonberries, loganberries, raspberries, and strawberries are often used in jams and jellies. In the United States, Native Americans are "the first to make preservatives of blueberries".
Other uses
The chef has created a gentle fruit of quick pickles, such as blackberries, strawberries, and blueberries. Strawberries can be fried and quickly fried with a frying pan. The sauce made from berries, like cranberry sauce, can be frozen to hard, battered, and fried. Cranberry sauce is a traditional food for Thanksgiving, and similar sauces can be made from many other berries such as blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and huckleberries.
Cultural significance
Immersion
Berries have been used in some cultures for immersion. Many berries contain juices that can be easily stained, used as natural dyes. For example, blackberries are useful for making dyes, especially when ripe berries can easily release the juice to produce a colorfast effect. Berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, black raspberries, dewberries, loganberries, and thimbleberry all produce dye colors. It was once used by Native Americans. In Hawaii, the original raspberries called 'akala' are used to dye the tapa fabric with lavender and pink colors, while berries from dianella lily are used for blue, and berries from black nightshade are used to produce green.
In Swaziland, some berry species are used as dyes.
See also
- Blueberry
- Cranberry
- Mulberry
- Myrica rubra
- Goji
- List of culinary fruits
- List of non-edible fruits
- Strawberries
References
Further reading
- Bowling, B.L. (2005). Fellow Berry Grower . Timber Press. ISBNÃ, 978-0-88192-726-9
External links
- The United States National Plant Seed Initiative
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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