A medicine is any substance (other than food that provides nutritional support) which, when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed, absorbed through patches on the skin, or dissolved under the tongue causes temporary (and often psychological) physiological ) changes in the body.
In pharmacology, drugs are chemicals known structures, in addition to nutrients from essential dietary ingredients, which, when administered to living organisms, produce biological effects. Pharmaceutical drugs, also called drugs or drugs, are chemicals used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose disease or to improve well-being. Traditional medicine is obtained through the extraction of medicinal plants, but recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or regularly for chronic disorders.
Pharmaceutical drugs are often grouped into drug classes - related drug groups that have the same chemical structure, the same mechanism of action (binding to the same biological target), the corresponding mode of action, and which are used to treat the same disease. The Chemical Classification System of Anatomical Therapy (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, gives the drug a unique ATC code, which is the alphanumeric code that sets it for a specific class of drugs in the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. It classifies the drug according to its solubility and its permeability or absorption properties.
Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that affect the functioning of the central nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. They include alcohol, depressants (and small amounts of stimulants), and nicotine and caffeine stimulants. All three are the most widely consumed psychoactive drugs in the world and are also considered to be drugs because they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes. Other recreational drugs include hallucinogens, opiates and amphetamines and some of them are also used in spiritual or religious settings. Some drugs can cause addiction and all drugs can have side effects. The use of excessive stimulants can increase stimulant psychosis. Many illegal drugs and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotics Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition.
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Etimologi
In English, the noun "drug" is considered to be derived from the French "drogue", which may be derived later into "droge-vate" from the Middle Dutch word meaning "dry keg", referring to the medicinal plant preserved therein. The transitive verb "to drugs" (meaning deliberately giving a substance to someone, often without their knowledge) comes later and calls psychoactive properties rather than drugs of a substance.
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Drug
Drugs or drugs are drugs taken to heal or correct symptoms of a disease or medical condition. Its use may also be a preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. Drug administration is often administered by the government into three categories - over-the-counter drugs, available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions; behind drugs , distributed by a pharmacist without the need for a prescription, and prescribed medications , which must be prescribed by a licensed medical expert, usually a doctor.
In the UK, behind-the-counter medicines are called pharmaceutical drugs that can only be sold at registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These drugs are designated by the letter P on the label. The range of drugs available without a prescription varies from country to country. Drugs are usually produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give developers exclusive rights to produce them. Those who are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs because they can be produced by another company without restriction or license from the patent holder.
Pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorized into drug classes. A group of drugs will share the same chemical structure, or have the same mechanism of action, the same mode of action or targeting the same disease or related illness. The Chemical Classification System of Anatomical Therapy (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, gives the drug a unique ATC code, which is the alphanumeric code that sets it for a specific class of drugs in the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. This group of drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties.
Spiritual and religious use
Some religions, especially ethnic religions are based entirely on the use of certain drugs, known as entheogens, most hallucinogens, - psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants. Some of the drugs used as entheogens include kava that can act as a stimulant, sedative, euphoriant and anesthetic. The roots of kava plants are used to produce drinks consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean culture.
Some healers of different cultures use entheogens, defined as "produce the divine in" to achieve ecstasy of religion. The Amazon shaman uses the ayahuasca (yagÃÆ'Ã… ©) hallucinogenic drink for this purpose. The Mazatec shaman has a long and continuous religious tradition of using the Salvia divinorum psychoactive plant. Its use is to facilitate a state of visionary awareness during a spiritual healing session.
Silene undulata is considered by the Xhosa as a sacred plant and used as an entheogen. Its roots are traditionally used to induce clear dreams (and according to Xhosa, prophethood) during the initiation process of shamans, classifying them as natural oneirogenes similar to the more famous dreaming concoction Calea ternifolia .
Peyote small, spindly cactus has been a major source of psychedelic mescaline and may have been used by Native Americans for at least five thousand years. Most mescaline is now obtained from several species of columnar cactus especially from San Pedro and not from the vulnerable peyote.
The entheogenic use of marijuana has also been widely practiced for centuries. Rastafari uses marijuana (marijuana) as a sacrament in their religious ceremonies.
Psychedelic mushrooms (psilocybin mushrooms), commonly called magic mushrooms or shades have also been used as entheogens.
Smart drugs and designer drugs
Nootropics, also commonly referred to as "smart medicine", is a drug that is claimed to enhance human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, mind, mood, learning, and many other things. Some nootropics are now beginning to be used to treat certain diseases such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. They are also commonly used to regain lost brain function during the aging process.
Other drugs known as designer drugs are produced. An early example of what today would be labeled 'designer medicine' is LSD, which is synthesized from ergot. Other examples include performance-enhancing analogue analogues such as steroid designers who are taken to improve physical ability and these are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes. Other designer drugs mimic the effects of psychoactive drugs. Since the late 1990s there have been many identifications of these synthetic drugs. In Japan and the UK, this spurred the addition of many designer drugs into a new class of controlled substances known as temporary class drugs.
Synthetic kanabinoids have been produced for a longer period of time and are used in synthetic drug designer marijuana.
recreational drug use
Use recreational drugs is the use of drugs (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary purpose of changing the state of consciousness through changes in the central nervous system to create positive emotions and feelings. The LSD hallucinogen is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug.
Some national laws prohibit the use of various drugs; and drugs that have potential for recreational use are often highly regulated. However, there are many drugs that are legal in many jurisdictions and widely accepted culturally. Cannabis is the most commonly controlled recreational drug in the world (in 2012). Its use in many countries is illegal but legally used in some countries usually provided that it can only be used for personal use. It can be used in the form of leaves hemp (grass) , or in the form of cannabis resin. Cannabis is a milder form of marijuana than marijuana.
There may be age restrictions on consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs are legal and accepted in many places including alcohol, tobacco, areca nuts, and caffeine products, and in some areas of the world legal drug use such as khat is common.
There are a number of legal intoxicants commonly called recreational highs used for recreation. The most widely used is alcohol.
Drug administration
All drugs, can be administered through a number of routes, and many can be managed by more than one.
Drug control
There are many government offices in many countries that deal with the control and supervision of drug use and use, and the implementation of various drug laws. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty that was made in 1961 to prohibit the use of narcotics except those used in research and medical treatment. In 1971, the second agreement of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances should be introduced to deal with newer recreational psychoactive and psychedelic drugs.
Salvia divinorum's legal status varies in many countries and even in states in the United States. Where it is enacted against the level of prohibition also varies.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States is a federal agency responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food security, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusion, medical equipment, radiating electromagnetic radiation devices, cosmetics, animal foods and veterinary drugs.
See also
References
Further reading
- Richard J. Miller (2014). Dibius: science and culture behind psychotropic drugs . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-995797-2.
External links
- DrugBank, 4800 drug database and 2500 protein drug targets
- "Drugs", discussion BBC Radio 4 with Richard Davenport-Hines, Sadie Plant, and Mike Jay ( In Our Time , May 23, 2002)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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