Military recruitment refers to the activities of attracting people to, and selecting them for, military training and employment.
Video Military recruitment
Demographics
Gender
Around the world, most of the recruits for state armed forces and non-state armed groups are male. The proportion of female personnel varies internationally; for example, about 3% in India, 10% in the UK, 13% in Sweden, 16% in the US, and 27% in South Africa.
While many states do not recruit women for close combat roles (roles that require them to kill opponents at close range), some have lifted this ban in recent years, including greater Western military powers such as France, Britain and OUR.
Compared with male and female civilian personnel, female personnel face increased risk of sexual assault and sexual abuse, according to British, Canadian and US research.
Several countries, including Britain and the United States, have begun to recognize the right of transgender people to serve openly in their armed forces, although this development has met with political and cultural resistance.
Age
The state armed forces establish minimum and maximum age for recruitment. In practice, most members of the military are young adults; for example, in 2013 the average age of a US Army soldier who started his initial training was 20.7 years.
Child recruitment
Under the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a child means a person under the age of 18.
The minimum age at which children can be recruited or conscripted under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is 15. Countries that have ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OPAC) may not require children altogether, but can register children aged 16 and over as long as they are not used to participate directly in hostilities.
Historically, the use of children for military purposes has been widespread - see Children in the military - but has declined in the 21st century. According to Child Soldiers International, by 2017 about two-thirds of countries around the world have committed to restricting military recruitment for adults from the age of 18, and at least 60 non-state armed groups have signed agreements to stop or reduce children's use for the military. aim. The organization reported that the so-called Straight 18 standard - a limitation of all military employment for adults - has emerged as a global norm since 2001.
However, Child Soldiers International also reported in 2017 that about 50 states recruited personnel under the age of 18. Most of these states recruited from the age of 17, including Australia, China, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, and the United States (US). ; about 20 recruits from the age of 16, including Brazil, Canada, and England (UK).
Most countries that recruit children under the age of 18 have been made not to apply them regularly to military operations after ratifying the OPAC agreement. According to the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG), in 2016 14 countries still recruit and use children in active armed conflict: Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria and Yemen.
The UNSG also reports that non-state armed groups recruit and use children in armed conflict in India, Pakistan, Israel/Palestinian States, Libya, the Philippines and Thailand.
Recent cross-cultural studies show that, in general, children and young people are interested in military work for the same reasons: war, economic motivation, education, family and friends, politics, identity and psychosocial factors.
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Hope to escape from socio-economic shortage is one of the main reasons why young people are interested in military work. For example, after the US suspended conscription in 1973, 'the military disproportionately withdrew African-American men, men from lower social-social status. backgrounds, men who have attended non-academic high school programs, and men whose high school grades tend to be low '. As an indication of the socio-economic background of British Army personnel, by 2015 three quarters of the youngest recruits have the literacy skills normally expected of a child aged 11 years or younger, and 7% have a reading age of 5-7 years.. The British Army's recruitment efforts in 2017 target families with an average annual income of Ã, Â £ 10,000.
Recruitment for officers usually appeals to young adults who rise from the age of 18, and recruiters for this role focus their resources on high-performing schools and universities. (Canada is an exception, recruiting outstanding children from the age of 16 for officer training.)
Maps Military recruitment
Reach and marketing
Initial years
The process of attracting children and young people to military work began in their early years. In Germany, Israel, Poland, Britain, the USA and elsewhere, the armed forces often visit schools, including elementary schools, to encourage children to register after they are old enough to do so. For example, the posters used by the German armed forces in the school read: "After school you have the world on your feet, make it safer." ["Nach der Schule liegt dir die Welt zu FÃÆ'¼ÃÆ'Ÿen, mach sie sicherer."] In the US, recruiters have access rights to all schools and to student contact details, and are encouraged to instill themselves into the school community. A former head of recruitment for the British Army, Colonel (the latter Brigadier) David Allfrey, explains the British approach in 2007:
"Our new model is about raising awareness, and it takes a ten-year span, starting with a seven-year-old boy seeing a jumper in the air show and thinking, 'That looks great.' Since then the army has been trying to build interest by dripping, dripping, dripping. "
Popular culture
Recruiters use action films and videogames to promote military work. The scenes from Hollywood blockbuster (including Behind Enemy Lines and X-Men: First Class) have been spliced ​​into military ads in the US, for example. In the US and elsewhere, the armed forces command ordered video games to present military life to children.
Military schools and youth organizations
Many countries operate military schools, cadets, and other military youth organizations. For example, Russia operates a military school system for children from the age of 10, where combat skills and weapons training are taught as part of the curriculum. Britain is one of the many states that subsidize participation in cadet troops, where children from the age of 12 play a representation of military work.
Ads
The recruitment campaign of the armed forces commission covers a variety of media, including television, radio, cinema, online including social media, press, billboards, brochures and leaflets, and through merchandising.
Public sphere
Recruiters use civil space to promote their military organization. Among the methods used are public hire stalls, air shows; military amusement parks, such as Patriot Park in Russia; national day, such as Belgium national day and military parade; and the day of the annual armed forces.
Messaging
Recruitment marketing seeks to attract potential recruitment in the following ways:
- Traditionally a masculine association. Historically and today, recruitment materials often associate military life with a traditional masculine fighter, who is officially encouraged as a martial ideals. For example, the US Cold War Cold War slogans include "Join the army, become a man" and "The Army will get someone out of you"; in 2007 a new slogan was introduced: "There is strong, then there is a strong army". Similarly, recruiters portray the Israeli infantry as "discovering all your strengths"; Russian people "go beyond fear"; and the UK is "harder, faster, fitter, stronger".
- Team work and ownership. Some armed forces appeal to potential candidates with the promise of teamwork and friendship. An example is the British Army, which introduced the slogan "It is owned" in 2017.
- Patriotic Services. Some armed forces present military life as a patriotic service. For example, the slogan for German Bundeswehr is "We serve German." ["Wir, Dienen, Deutschland."] And the ads for the Israeli Defense Forces encourage potential candidates to "Above all, fight [kravi ] for your country, because there is no better place than Israel. "
- Challenges and adventures. Military life is promised to be exciting, including world travel and adventure training. By 2015, the British Army's presentation to schools includes leading scuba diving and snowboarding images, for example.
- Education and skills. The armed forces are often presented as a means to learn new skills. For example, the Swedish army encourages potential candidates with the promise of "education that leads to a job where you can make a difference".
Application process
Typically, candidates for military employment apply online or at a hiring center.
Many eligibility criteria usually apply, which may be related to age, nationality, height and weight (body mass index), medical history, psychiatric history, drug use, criminal record, literacy and numeracy, proof of identity, satisfactory reference , and whether Tattoos were seen. A minimum standard of academic achievement may be required for admission, for a specific technical role, or to enter training for a leadership position as an assigned officer. Candidates who meet the criteria will usually also undergo a medical examination, battery questions to test talent, and tests of physical strength and stamina.
Depending on whether the application criteria are met, and depending also on which military units have vacancies for new members, candidates may or may not be offered work in specific roles or roles. Candidates who accept job offers then wait for their recruiting training to get started. Whether on or before the commencement of their training, the candidates swear allegiance and/or sign their papers.
The period between the initial application to swear an oath may be several weeks or months. During this time many candidates who drop out. For example, by 2017 about 1 in 20 applicants to the British Army are finally registered.
Most state armed forces requiring minors (persons under the age of 18) are required by law to obtain consent from one or both parents or legal guardians before their child's enrollment can take place. In practice, approval is indicated on the form, signed by the parent/guardian.
Once registration has been done, recruitment is subject to the terms of military service and initiate their initial training.
Terms of service
Recruitment enters binding service contracts, which for full-time personnel typically require a minimum service period of several years, with the exception of short-discharge windows, near the beginning of their service, allowing them to leave the armed forces on the right. Part time military employment, known as backup services, enables recruitment to retain civilian employment while practicing under military discipline for a minimum number of days per year. After leaving the armed forces, for a fixed period (between four and six years is normal in Britain and the US, for example), the former recruitment may remain responsible for the obligation to return to full-time military employment to train or deploy operations.
From their registration point/commissioning, personnel are subject to military law, which introduces violations not recognized by civil courts, such as disobedience. Penalties range from summaries to prisons for several years after a military court.
Personnel may be placed at base in their home country or abroad, in accordance with operational needs, and may be deployed from the base on practice or operation anywhere in the world.
Perks military service usually includes adventurous training; accommodation, food and subsidized trips; and retired. Some armed forces also subsidize recruitment education before, during, and/or after military service, on terms such as a mandatory period of conscription; examples are St. Jean's military colleges in Canada, Welbeck's Sixth Form College in the UK, and GI Bill arrangements in the US.
Recruit
Recruitment refers to activities that oppose military recruitment, or its aspects. Among its forms are political advocacy, awareness raising, and direct action. The reasons for recruitment activities can be based on one of the following reasons:
- The view that war is immoral (see pacifism) or that military organization is a tool of imperialism (see anti-imperialism).
- Evidence that sexual intimidation, harassment and violence is more common in military organizations than elsewhere (see, for example, Women in the military and sexual orientation and gender identity in military service).
- Evidence that military and work training leads to higher levels of mental health and behavior problems than is usually found in civilian life, especially after personnel have left the armed forces.
- Evidence that recruiters make use of it due to lack of other career choices for socially disadvantaged young people, and obscures the risks of military employment.
- The fact that some armed forces depend on 16 or 17 year olds to fill in their rank, and evidence that the youngest member is likely to be affected by the demands and risks of military life.
Armed forces spokesmen have defended the status quo in other ways for the following:
- The notion that military organizations provide valuable public services.
- Anecdotal evidence that military work benefits young people.
- The opinion that the maintenance liability policy protects employees from harm.
Recruitment tags and images
Slogan
Armed forces have used short slogans effectively to inspire young people to register, with themes ranging from personal development (especially personal power), social services, and patriotic duties. For example, in 2017 the current slogan includes:
- 'Strong army.' (US Army).
- 'Be the Best.' (British Army).
- 'Dare to be great.' (Canadian Armed Forces).
- 'We are. Serve. German. '[' Wir. Dimenen. Deutschland. '] (German armed forces).
- 'For me, for others.' ['Pour moi, pour les autres.'] (French Army).
- 'Join the struggle for Israel.' (Israeli Defense Forces).
Poster
The recruitment poster is a poster used in advertising to recruit people into organizations, and has become a common method of military recruitment.
Recruitment center
In India
From the time of Raj Britania, recruitment in India was voluntary. Using the Martial Race theory, the British recruited many of the elected communities for the colonial military service. The largest colonial military troops of the British Indian Army from the British Raj to the Indian Military, are volunteer soldiers, resurrected from the indigenous population with British officers. The Indian Army serves both as a security force in India itself and, especially during World War, in other theaters. About 1.3 million men served in the First World War. During World War II, the British Indian Army would become the largest volunteer army in history, rising to over 2.5 million people in August 1945.
In the United Kingdom
During both world wars and periods after the second, conscription is mandatory for at least some Britons. At other times, techniques similar to those described above have been used. The most notable concern over the years is the minimum age for recruitment, which has been 16 years for many years. It has now been raised to 18 in relation to combat operations. In recent years, there have been concerns over the techniques used in army recruitment (especially) in relation to such career portrayals as a joyful adventure.
In the United States
The American military has had recruiters since colonial times in the 1700s. Currently there are thousands of recruitment stations across the United States, serving the Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force. The recruitment office usually consists of 2-8 recruiters between the E-5 and E-7 ranks. When a potential applicant enters the recruitment station, his height and weight are examined and their background is investigated. Fingerprint scans are done and ASVAB exams are given to them. The applicant can not formally swear by their registration oath in the recruitment office. This is done at Military Entrance Processing Station - MEPS.
wartime recruitment strategy in the US
Prior to the outbreak of World War I, military recruitment in the United States was conducted primarily by individual countries. Upon entering the war, however, the federal government took an increasing role.
Increased emphasis on national efforts is reflected in the method of recruitment of World War I. Peter A. Padilla and Mary Riege Laner define six basic appeals for this recruitment campaign: patriotism, occupation/career, adventure/challenge, social status, travel, kind of. Between 1915 and 1918, 42% of all military recruitment posters were primarily triggered by patriotism. And although other themes - such as adventure and greater social status - will play an increasing role during World War II recruitment, the call to serve one's country remains a dominant selling point.
Recruitment without conscription
After World War II military recruitment shifted significantly. Without a war calling men and women to work, the United States refocused its recruitment efforts to present the military as a career choice, and as a means of achieving higher education. The majority - 55% - of all hiring posters will serve this purpose. And although peacetime will not last long, factors like moving to an all-volunteer military will ultimately sustain a career-oriented recruitment effort. The Department of Defense switched to a television syndication as a recruitment aid from 1957-1960 with a film show, Country Style, USA .
On February 20, 1970, the President Commission for the All-Volunteer Armed Forces unanimously agreed that the United States would be served by the volunteer military. In support of this recommendation, the committee noted that recruitment efforts should be intensified, as newly enrolled persons must be convinced of military service. Just like the post-World War II era, this new campaign put more emphasis on job opportunities. Thus, the committee recommends "an increase in basic compensation and service conditions, proficiency payments, and expedited promotions for highly skilled workers to make military career opportunities more attractive." These new directives should be combined with "intensive recruitment efforts." Completed in mid-1973, the "professional" military recruitment was met with success. In 1975 and 1976, military registration exceeded expectations, with more than 365,000 men and women entering the army. While this may, in part, be the result of a lack of civilian work during the recession, it stood up to underline the ways in which recruiting efforts respond to the current state of affairs.
Indeed, the recommendations made by the President Commission continue to work in the current recruitment efforts. Understanding the need for greater individual incentives, the US military has re-bundled the benefits of GI Bill. Although originally intended as compensation for services, the bill is now seen as a recruitment tool. Today, the GI Bill "is no longer a reward for the services provided, but a provocation to serve and has become an essential part of the recruiters pitcher."
Recruitment method
Recruitment can be done by phone with a regulated list, through email campaigns and from prospective customer-to-face. While searching for potential customers is the most efficient, finding face-to-face is most effective. Military recruiters often set up booths at amusement parks, sports stadiums, and other attractions. In recent years social media has been more commonly used.
Controversy
See also
Related military articles
- Military services
- Women in the military
- Children in the military
- Transgender people and military service
- Recruit
- Mandatory and Impressment
- Recruitment training
- Military science
Recruitment methods and campaigns
United States
- Required in the United States
- American Army (game recruitment)
- United States Army Slogan
Other states
- UK: Be Everything You Can
- Canada First Defense Strategy
References
Further reading
Manigart, Philippe. "Risk and Recruitment in the Postmodern Armed Forces: The Belgian Case." Armed Forces & amp; Society , Jul 2005; vol. 31: p. 559-582.
- http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/4/559
Dandeker, Christopher and Alan Strachan. "Recruitment Soldiers to the British Army: Spatial and Social Methodology for Analysis and Monitoring." Armed Forces & amp; Society , Jan 1993; vol. 19: p. 279-290.
- http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/2/279
Snyder, William P. "Employee Recruitment for All-Voluntary Strengths: Trends and Prospects." Armed Forces & amp; Society , April 1984; vol. 10: pp.Ã, 401-425.
- http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/3/401
Griffith, James. "Institutional Motive to Serve at the US Army National Guard: Implications for Recruitment, Retention and Readiness." Armed Forces & amp; Community , Jan 2008; vol. 34: pp.Ã, 230-258.
- http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/2/230
Fitzgerald, John A. "Changing the Recruitment Pattern of Officers at the U.S. Naval Academy" Armed Forces & amp; Society , Oct 1981; vol. 8: p. 111-128.
- http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/8/1/111
Eighmey, John. "Why Youth Enlist?: Basic Theme Identification." Armed Forces & amp; Society , Jan 2006; vol. 32: pp.Ã, 307-328.
- http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/2/307
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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