Optometry is a health care profession that involves eye examination and visual systems applicable to disabilities or disorders as well as medical diagnosis and management of eye diseases. Traditionally, the field of optometry begins with the main focus of correcting the bias error through the use of glasses. Modern day ophthometry, however, has evolved over time so that additional educational curricula includes intensive medical training in the diagnosis and management of ocular diseases in the countries where the profession is founded and regulated.
Optometrists (also known as Optometry Doctors in the United States and Canada for those holding an OD degree, or Ophthalmic Opticians in the UK) are health care professionals who provide primary eye care through comprehensive eye exams to detect and treat various visual disorders and eye diseases. Being a regulated profession, the scope of the eye doctor's practice may vary depending on the location. Thus, detectable disorders or illnesses outside the scope of optometric care are referred to relevant medical experts for appropriate treatment, more common for optometrists who are doctors specializing in medical care and tertiary eye surgery. Opticians usually work with other eye care professionals such as eye doctors and eye doctors to provide quality and efficient eye care to the general public.
The term "optometry" comes from the Greek word ???? ( opsis ; "view") and ?????? ( metron ; "something used to measure", "measure", "rule"). The word enters a language when the instrument for measuring vision is called an optometer, (before the term phoropter or refractor is used). The basic word opto is a short form derived from the Greek word ophthalmos meaning, "eye." Like most health professions, education and certification of ophthalmologists is regulated in most countries. Optometric professionals and optometry-related organizations interact with government agencies, other health care professionals, and communities to provide eye and vision care.
Video Optometry
Definisi optometri dan optometris
The World Council of Optometry, the World Health Organization, and about 75 optometric organizations from more than 40 countries worldwide adopt the following definition, which is used to describe optometry and optometry.
Optometry is an autonomous, educated, and regulated (optical/registered) health profession, and optometrists are major eye health practitioners and visual systems that provide comprehensive eye and vision treatments, which include refraction and discharge, detection/diagnosis and management of diseases in the eyes , and rehabilitation of visual system conditions.
Maps Optometry
History
Optometry history is related to development
- vision (related medical fields, microbiology, neurology, physiology, psychology, etc.)
- optical, optical aids
- optical instruments, imaging techniques
- other eye care profession
The history of optometry can be traced back to early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optometric science (optics, as taught in the fundamental physics class) date from several thousand years BC as evidence of the existence of lenses for decoration have been found in Greece and the Netherlands.
It is not known when the first glasses were made. British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham, in his book Science and Civilization in China , discusses the occasional claim that glasses are found in China. He claimed that the belief was probably based on a modified source during the Ming dynasty (14-17th century), that the original documents did not refer to eyeglasses, and that the references there state that the glasses were imported.
Alternatively, research by David A. Goss in the United States suggests that they may originate independently at the end of the 13th century in Italy as stated in a manuscript of 1305 in which a friar from Pisa named Rivalto stated "This has not been 20 years since there was discovered art of making glasses ". Glasses are manufactured in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands in 1300.
In 1907, Professor Berthold Laufer, who is a German American anthropologist, states in his history of the glasses' the view that the glasses originating in India is the greatest possibility and that the glasses must have been known in India earlier than in Europe.
In Sri Lanka It is well documented that during the reign of King Bhuvanekabahu IV (AD 1346 - 1353) from the Gampola period the ancient tradition of making optical lenses with natural stones called Diyatarippu was given royal patronage. Some craftsmen still live and practice in the original hamlet given to craft exponents by royal decree even today.
But Joseph Needham states in his "Science and Civilization" that the newspaper by Laufer has many inconsistencies, and that the references in the documents used by Laufer were not in the original copy but were added during the Ming dynasty.
However, the German word
Benito Daza de Valdes published his third book on optometry in 1623, where he mentions the use and installation of spectacles. In 1692, William Molyneux wrote a book about optics and lenses in which he expressed his ideas about myopia and problems related to close-up vision. Scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the retina in the eye creates a vision. From 1773 to about 1829, Thomas Young discovered the defects of astigmatism and George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct problems that included spherocylindrical lenses.
Although the term optometry appears in the book 1759 A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena Vision by the Scottish doctor William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia are starting to be used to describe the profession. However, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, marking a difference by providing the optician, it has become an internationally accepted term.
Training, licensing, representation and scope of practice
Optometry is officially recognized in many jurisdictions. Most have rules about education and practice. Optometrists, like many other health care professionals, are required to participate in sustainable continuing education programs to keep up with the latest treatment standards. The World Council of Optometry has a web source that provides basic information about eye care providers to more than 46 countries.
Africa
In 1993 there were five countries in Africa with an optometry teaching institute: Sudan, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania.
Sudan
Faculty of optometry and visual science
It was established in 1954 as an optometry institute at the Khartoum eye hospital. He joined the Ministry of Higher Education in 1986 as the Institute of High Optometry, and was last annexed to Alneelain University in 1997 when he was renamed the Faculty of Optometry and Visual Science (FOVS).
Currently FOVS has the following programs:
1- BSc optometry in 5 years with sub specialties in either orthoptics, contact lenses, ocular photography or ocular neurology. 2- BCs in ophthalmic technology in 4 years. 3 - BCs in optical pharmacies in 4 years.
FOVS also offers MSc and PhD degrees in Optometry.
FOVS is the only one of its kind in Sudan and is the first in the Middle East and Africa. There are similar colleges in only 30 of the 193 countries of the world.
In 2010, the Alneelain University Eye Hospital was established as part of FOVS to expand the training capacity and serve the community.
Ghana
The Ghana Optometric Association (GOA) regulates the practice of Optometry in Ghana. After six years of training at one of two universities offering courses, an OD degree is awarded. The new eye doctor must write a qualifying exam, after which the ophthalmologist is recognized as a member of GOA, leading to the awarding of a MGOA degree.
Mozambique
The first optometry course in Mozambique began in 2009 at Universidade Lurio, Nampula. This course is part of the Mozambique Eyecare Project. The University of Ulster, the Dublin Institute of Technology and the Vision Institute of Brien Holden are the supporting partners.
Nigeria
In Nigeria, optometry is governed by the Optometry and Dispensing Optician Registration Board of Nigeria established under Optometry and Dispensing Opticians (Registration ETC) Act of 1989 (Cap O9 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004). The Board publishes lists from time to time a list of approved qualifications and training institutions in federal government papers. The Doctor of Optometry degree is awarded after a six year training at one of the accredited universities in Imo, Edo and Abia states.
Asia
Bangladesh
From 2010 Optometry was first introduced in Bangladesh at the Institute of Community Ophthalmology Under Medicine Faculty of the University of Chittagong http://icoedu.org. The institute offers four years of Bachelor of Science in Optometry (B.Optom) only. Currently there are 60 Eye Graduates in Bangladesh. The association that controls the quality of Optometric practices across the country is referred to as the 'Optometric Association of Bangladesh' which is also a member of the World Council of Optometry (WCO) countries.
In 2018 Chittagong Medical University is formed and Bsc. in Optometry courses shifted to this University.
In Bangladesh Opticians perform major eye care such as Diagnosis and primary management of some eye diseases, Prescribe Glasses, low vision rehabilitation, contact lens exercises and all types of evaluation and Orthoptic management.
Hong Kong
The Optometrists Board of the Professionary Medical Profession Council regulates the profession in Hong Kong. Optometrists are listed in separate sections of the registers based on their training and abilities. Applicants are subject to restrictions depending on their registered portion. Those who pass the examinations on refraction conducted by the Council may be registered to Part III, thus limited to practicing only work related to refraction. Those who have a Higher Certificate in Optometry or have passed the optometry examination Council may be enrolled into Section II, thereby restricted in the use of diagnostic agents, but otherwise may practice freely. Part I optometrists can practice without limitation and generally hold a Bachelor's Degree or a Professional Diploma.
There are about 2000 registered ophthalmologists in Hong Kong, 1000 of which are Part I. There is one Part I eye doctor for about 8000 community members. Polytechnic University runs the only optometry school. It produces about 35 parts of I optometrist a year.
India
In 2010, it was estimated that India needed 115,000 ophthalmologists; while India has about 9,000 eye experts (4 years trained) and 40,000 ophthalmologists (2 years trained). To prevent blindness or impaired vision, a trained eye doctor is better required in India. It should be noted that the definition of optometry differs considerably in different countries of the world. India needs more optometry schools that offer four-year degree programs with syllabuses similar to those applicable in countries where optometric practices are regulated and legally established with internationally accepted definitions.
In 2013, it is reported in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology that poor adherence to poor children among rural Pune schools results in significant loss of vision.
By 2015, it is reported in Optometry and Vision Science that, optometrists need to be more involved in providing core optometry services such as low vision and binocular vision.
Training in India
Currently there are more than fifty optometry schools in India. In 1958, two optometry schools were set up, one at Gandhi Eye Hospital, Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh and the other at Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Hyderabad in Telangana, under the second five year plan by the Director General of Government Health Service of India. These schools offer diplomas in the two-year optometry program endorsed by the Faculty of Medicine.
Furthermore, four other schools opened in India located at Sitapur Eye Hospital, Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh, Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu, Bengalooru (formerly Bangalore) in Karnataka and Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram (formerly Trivandrum) in Kerala.
The Elite School of Optometry (ESO) was established in 1985 in Chennai and was the first to offer a four-year degree program.
Academic degrees such as Bachelor of Optometry, Master of Optometry and Doctor of Philosophy in Optometry are awarded in India by a university recognized by the University Grants Commission (India), the legal entity responsible for the maintenance of higher education standards in India.
Opticians in India are encouraged to apply to the Optometry Council of India, a regulatory body registered under the Indian Companies Act.
Malaysia
It takes four years to complete a degree in Optometry. Currently, optometry subjects are well received by citizens. More universities and higher education will undertake the course. such as the National Ophthalmic Science Institute in Petaling Jaya where it is the academic arm of The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital.
Pakistan
Optometry is taught as a Doctor/Bachelor's/Bachelor's degree program with Honors five or four years in many leading institutions including the Department of Optometry & amp; Science Vision (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore, Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology Society (PICO) Peshawar, College of Ophthalmology & amp; Allied Vision Sciences (COAVS) Lahore and Al-Shifa Institute of Ophthalmology Islamabad. Upon graduation, optometrists can join a four-level service delivery level (Center of Excellence, Tertiary/Lecturer, District headquarters and kecamatan/Tehsil headquarters). M.Phil in Optometry is also available at several institutions such as King Edward Medical University, Department of Optometry & amp; Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore started a bridging program for Bachelors/Bachelors with Honors to become Doctor Optometry OD, Post Professional Doctor of Optometry (PP-OD), Doctor Optometry Transition (t-OD). Optometry is not a regulated field in Pakistan because there is no professional licensing board or authority responsible for issuing practice licenses to a qualified eye specialist. This creates difficulties for the Pakistani eyewitness who wants to apply abroad. University of Lahore recently launched Doctor of optometry (OD).
Philippines
Optometry is governed by the Philippine Professional Rules Commission. In order to qualify for a license, each candidate must complete by satisfying optometrist eye doctors at an accredited institution and demonstrating good moral character without prior professional record of breach. Optometry professional organizations in the Philippines include the Philippines Optometry Association and the Philippines Integrated Association of Optometry, Inc. (IPAO).
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia optometris must complete a five-year doctor of optometry degree from Qassim University and King Saud University also they must complete two residencies.
Singapore
The tertiary education for optometry takes 3 years at the following institutions.
Singapore Polytechnic - Diploma dalam Optometry Singapore Polytechnic
Ngee Ann Polytechnic - Diploma dalam Optometri Ngee Ann Polytechnic
Thailand
Since the end of 1990, Thailand has set a goal to provide more than 600 optometrists to meet minimal public demands and international standards in caring vision. There are more than three university degree programs in Thailand. Each program accepts students who have completed grade 12 or third year in high school (following US education model). These programs offer the title of "Optometry Doctor" for graduates of the program (MBA) who will take six years to complete the course. Practicing optometrists will also be required to pass a licensing exam (a three-part inspection) managed through a committee under the Ministry of Public Health.
Currently, the number of optometry practitioners in Thailand is still less than a hundred (2015). However, it has been projected that the number of ophthalmologists practicing in Thailand will greatly increase over the next ten years. In a theoretical scenario, the optometric number should be able to meet the public demands at least around 2030 or earlier.
Europe
Since the formation of the European Union, "there is a strong movement, led by the European School Association and Optometry Colleges (AESCO), to unite the profession by creating a whole European examination for optometry" and possibly also the standard practice and educational guidance in EU countries. The first examination of the new European Diploma in Optometry was held in 1998 and this is an important event for optometry in continental Europe.
French
There are no regulatory frameworks and eye specialists who are sometimes trained by completing an apprenticeship in the private office of an ophthalmologist.
German
The optometric tasks are performed by opticians and optical experts who are trained and certified professionally.
Greek
The Hellenic Education Department established the first department of Optometry at the Patras Institute of Technology Education in 2007. After protests from the Optics department at the Athens Institute of Technology Education (the only Optics department in Greece, until 2006), the Government changed the names of departments to "Optics and Optometry "and includes lessons in both optics and optometry. Opticians eye doctors must complete a 4 year undergraduate honors degree. Then graduates may be admitted to graduate programs in Optometry at universities around the world.
Since 2015, the Master of Science (MSc) program in Optometry is offered by the Technological Educational Institute of Athens.
The Vision and Optics Institute (IVO) of the University of Crete focuses on the science of vision and is active in the fields of research, training, technology development and the provision of medical services. Professor Ioannis Pallikaris has received many awards and recognition for the Institute's contribution to ophthalmology. In 1989 he performed the first LASIK procedure on the human eye.
Hungarian
Eye care takes 4 years at a medical university in Hungary, and they will get a Bachelor of Science degree. They work in networks and retail stores and personal optics, very few are in the health care system as optometrists as assistants.
ireland
Optometry Professions have been represented for over a century by the Association of Optometrists, Ireland [AOI]. In Ireland ophthalmologists must first complete a four-year degree in optometry at the Dublin Institute of Technology. Upon successful completion of the degree, the ophthalmologist must then complete a professional qualification examination to enter the list of Optical Boards [Bord na Radharcmhaistoiri]. Opticians should be registered with the Council to practice in the Republic of Ireland.
The A.O.I. run a continuous sustainable professional education and development program on behalf of the Irish optometrist. The laws governing optometry were drawn up in 1956. Some feel that optometric restrictive legislation uses their various skills, training, and equipment for the benefit of Irish society. The Amendment Act of 2003 addressed one of the most significant restrictions: the use of cycloplegic drugs to examine children.
Italy
The Italian government does not legally recognize optometry as a health profession. The task of optometry done by ophthalmologists and optometry has been declared illegal and has not existed since July 2016. Prior to this decision the supreme court was used to acknowledge that "optometry can be practiced, given that no law prohibits it". It is taught at seven universities: Padua, Turin, Milan, Salento, Florence, Naples and Rome, as a three-year course (such as BSc) from "Scienze e tecnologie fisiche" as a sector of the Physics Department, but you can not practice this discipline to be illegal. In addition, courses are available at several private institutions (such as at the Vinci Institute near Firenze) that offer advanced professional education for qualified optical experts (most Italian optometrists are also qualified opticians, "ottico abilitato"). Exercise-to-practice is given by the title of the study itself (ie: "titolo abilitante") after the exam; no professional council or registration body or regulatory body other than the Ministry of Health itself does not recognize this title.
Norwegian
In Norway, the optometry profession has been regulated as a health profession since 1988. After a three-year undergraduate program, one can practice basic optometry. At least one year in clinical practice is eligible for a post-degree half-year sandwich course in contact lens installation, which is set as a health specialization. Separate regulation for the use of diagnostic drugs in optometry practice was introduced in 2004.
Russian
In Russia, optometry education has been accredited by the Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. There are only two educational institutions that teach optometry in Russia: Saint Petersburg Medical Technical College, formerly known as St Petersburg College of Health and Optics, and Helmholtz Eye Disease Research Institute. Both are owned and managed by the Ministry of Health. The optometry program is a four-year program. It covers one to two years of basic science, one year focusing on clinical skills and proficiency, and one year of clinical rotation in the hospital. Graduates take the college/state exam and then receive a specialist diploma. This diploma is valid only for five years and must be renewed every five years after receiving additional training in state accredited programs.
The scope of practice for ophthalmologists in Russia includes: refraction, contact lens installation, eyeglass construction and lens installation (expenditure), low vision aids, foreign body removal, referral to other specialists after diagnosis of clinical conditions (eye disease management).
United Kingdom
License
Opticians in England (also known as Ophthalmic Opticians) are governed by the General Optical Council under the Opticians Act 1989 and differentiated from medical practitioners. Registration with GOC is mandatory for practicing optometry in the UK. Members of the College of Optometrists (united by Royal Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth II) may use the MCOptom suffix.
The National Health Service provides for medical, eye (including optometry), dental and other additional needs from every person in UK.
Training
In the UK, optometrists must complete a 3 or 4 (Scottish) undergraduate honors degree followed by a minimum of one year "pre-enrollment period", (internship), where they complete clinical practice under the supervision of a qualified and experienced practitioner. During the year, pre-registration candidates are given a number of quarterly assessments, often including temporary postings at the hospital, and successfully pass all of these assessments, a set of final exams of the day (correct details for candidates from 2006 onwards). Upon successful completion of this assessment and after completing a year of supervised practice, candidates are eligible to register as optometrists with the General Optical Council (GOC) and, if they so wish, are eligible for membership of the College of Optometrists. Eleven universities offer Optometry in the UK: Anglia Ruskin, Aston, Bradford, Cardiff, City, Glasgow Caledonian, Hertfordshire, Manchester, University of Plymouth, University of Ulster at Coleraine and University of Portsmouth
In addition, the Institute of Optometry in London offers post-graduate professional doctorate degrees in optometry in partnership with London South Bank University.
Practice Scope
In 1990, a British medical practitioner's survey of services provided by British optometrists was conducted by Agarwal at City, University of London. The majority of respondents favor optometry experts broaden their professional role by treating external eye conditions and prescribing broad-spectrum topical antibiotics through additional training and certification.
Since 2009, optometrists in the UK have been able to undertake additional postgraduate training and qualifications that enable them to prescribe drugs to treat and manage eye conditions. There are currently three specializations that can be registered:
- Additional supply specialization - to write orders for, and supply in an emergency, a variety of drugs other than those ordered or provided by normal optometrists.
- Additional prescribing specialties - to manage the patient's clinical condition and prescribe medications according to a clinical management plan prepared together with independent precedents, such as a qualified ophthalmologist or optometrist.
- Specialists prescribe special - to be responsible for the patient's clinical assessment, establishing the diagnosis and determining the clinical management required, including prescribing if necessary.
North America
Canada
Training
In Canada, Optometry Physicians (OD.) typically complete four years of undergraduate study followed by four to five years of optometry studies, accredited by the Accreditation Council on Optometry Education. There are two optometry schools located in Canada - University of Waterloo and Università © de Montreal. Canada also recognizes degrees from twenty schools in the US.
License
In Canada, Doctor Optometry should write a national written and practical board exam. In addition, optometrists are required to be licensed in the provinces where they want to practice. The regulation of the profession is within the jurisdiction of the province. Therefore, unique optometric regulation for each province and territory. In Ontario, optometrists are licensed by the College of Optometrists of Ontario.
Representation
In Canada, this profession is represented by the Canadian Association of Optometrists. In the province of Ontario, the Ontario Eye Doctors Association is a representative ophthalmologist appointed to the provincial government.
Practice Scope
Canadian eye doctors are trained and licensed to become major eye care providers. They provide optical and medical eye care. They are able to diagnose and treat most eye diseases and can prescribe topical and oral medications
United States
Doctor Optometry (O.D.) (optometric/optometric physician) serves as a premier eye care provider. The scope of optometry has evolved in modern times and significantly overlaps with common ophthalmology, a branch of medicine involving eye health and visual systems. Opticians in the US are trained and licensed to diagnose and manage all common eye diseases. They can prescribe all topical medications (prescription eyedrops) and most oral medications (tablets/capsules by mouth), and drug delivery. In some states, Optometrists may also be licensed to perform certain types of laser surgery url = http://optometrytimes.modernmedicine.com/optometrytimes/content/tags/law/louisiana-will-allow-ods-perform-certain-surgeries% 7Ctitle = Louisiana will enable OD to perform certain operations | last = McCarthy | first = Colleen | date = | site = Optometry Times | access-date =}} & lt;/ref & gt ;, and Oklahoma.
Practice Scope
Doctor Optometry (OD.) (optometric/optometric physician) serves as a premier eye care provider, providing comprehensive optical and medical eye care. They can prescribe corrective lenses (glasses and contacts) to aid optical abnormalities (eg Miopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism). They also manage vision development in children including diagnosis and treatment of amblyopia. In addition, eye doctors are trained and licensed to diagnose all forms of eye disease and provide medical treatment (eg infections, inflammation, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal/retinal disorders, uveitis, etc.). They can write prescriptions for all topical medications (eye drops) and most drugs taken (eg antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, allergic, painful). Optometrists can also order laboratory tests including: bacterial culture, blood work, MRI, CT, ultrasound, etc. When the patient shows an advanced form of the disease or requires surgery, the ophthalmologist may refer to a specialist (ophthalmologist with a fellowship in a particular area). Optometrists also provide preoperative/postoperative surgery, but eye doctors are not trained to perform invasive surgery.
Optometrists are doctors specializing in the eyes. They provide comprehensive medical and surgical eye care. While eye doctors can prescribe corrective lenses, they are primarily trained to manage complex eye diseases, many involving surgery. Often, ophthalmologists choose to specialize in certain eye areas, such as the retina or cornea.
In Oklahoma and Louisiana, the state optometry board also allows state-certified optometry to perform limited operations on the anterior segment of the eye. In Kentucky, recent legislation enables optometrists to perform many laser procedures.
Rule
Optometric doctors in the United States are governed by state councils, which vary from state to state. The Association of Optometry Regulatory Councils (ARBO) assists state licensing bodies in regulating optometric practices.
License
The optician must complete all the course work and graduate from the accredited College of Optometry. This includes parts of all sections of national council examinations as well as local examinations of jurisprudence, which differ by country.
Education and Training
Doctor Optometry (OD.) (Optometry/Optometric Doctor) typically completes a four-year undergraduate study followed by a four-year Optometry school plus an optional year of study in a special area (residency). The program includes intense classroom and clinical training in geometry, physical, physiology and optical eye, special contact lens evaluation and installation, general anatomy, ocular anatomy, ocular disease, pharmacology, ocular pharmacology, neuroanatomy and visual system neurophysiology, pediatric visual development , gerontology, binocular vision, color vision, shape, space, movement and perception of vision, systemic disease, histology, microbiology, sensory psychology and perception, biochemistry, statistics and epidemiology.
In addition, modern optometry shows significant overlap with common ophthalmology. In Optometry schools, students receive extensive ophthalmology training (a branch of medicine involving the eye and related structures). Students are trained to diagnose and manage all common eye diseases and sudden emergencies. Students are also educated about all systemic diseases that can cause eye disease, or eye diseases that indicate systemic disease. Classes are taught by O.D's, M.D's and various Ph.D's. Optometry students often take five to six classes per quarter as well as complete clinical shifts in their first three years. The fourth year of Optometry schools is 100% clinical in which students must complete internships in various settings such as hospitals, universities and private clinics. In many internships, optometry students work with the ophthalmologist to manage joint medical cases and also observe surgery, however, optometrists are not trained to perform invasive surgeries such as ophthalmologists.
Entrance to Optometry schools is very competitive. Applicants must take an Optometry Admission Test (OAT) and have excellent undergraduate grades to apply. To graduate, candidates must pass all three sections of the National Council of Optometry Tester (NBEO). Part 1 NBEO is a two-day written exam. Part 2 is a computer-based exam, taking all day and based on clinical studies including the care and management of ocular diseases. The third part is a practice test to be done directly in North Carolina. After a successful candidate completes all applicable courses, clinical rotation, pass all parts of the NBEO exam, and fulfill all financial obligations ($ 225,000 USD), a Doctor of Optometry will be awarded.
Ophthalmologists (eye M.D.) are doctors specializing in the eyes. They provide comprehensive medical and surgical eye care. Optometrists complete four years of undergraduate study, four years of medical school, three years of ophthalmology (residency) training, and optional year (or two) of fellowship. While optometrists can prescribe corrective lenses, they are primarily trained to manage complex eye diseases, many of which involve surgery. Many ophthalmologists choose to be specialists and specialize in certain eye areas (eg retina, cornea, etc.).
All OD. and M.D. are required to complete continuing education in order to retain the license
Oceania
Australia
Australia currently has five recognized courses in optometry, and one course seeking accreditation with the Australian and New Zealand Optometry boards:
- Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry (BVisSci MOptom), Deakin University
- Bachelor of Medical Sciences (Vision Science) and Master of Optometry, Flinders University
- Bachelor of Vision Science and Masters of Clinical Optometry (BVisSc MClinOptom), University of New South Wales
- Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology
- Doctor Optometry, University of Melbourne (postgraduate)
- Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry, University of Canberra (Looking for accreditation)
To support these courses, the Australian College of Optometry provides clinical placements to undergraduate students from the University of Australia and abroad.
by 2016, nearly 5000 ophthalmologists in common practice are licensed to their oversight body, the Australian Optometry Council. Of these, about 2300 are enrolled with the support of scheduled medicines, which allows them to prescribe some medications for the treatment of eye conditions.
New Zealand
New Zealand currently has one recognized course in optometry:
- Bachelor of Optometry (BOptom), The University of Auckland
In July 2014, the 2013 Drug Amendment Regulations and the 2014 Drug Amendment Drug Agreement take effect. Among other things, the change in the optometric name Act as an official recipe. This change allows ophthalmologists with the support of therapeutic drug agents (TPAs) to prescribe all drugs that are appropriate to their scope of practice, rather than restricting them to the list of drugs prescribed in the regulation; it recognizes safe and appropriate optometric prescribing practices for the previous nine years.
South America
Brazil
The Brazilian government does not declare the rules of optometry, and the Council of Ophthalmology Brazil recommends against the recognition of its official law.
The CBOO (Council of Optics and Optometry of Brazil), affiliated with WCO (World Council of Optometry), represents optometry experts from Brazil. In conjunction with organizations representing Brazilian companies, including the National Trade Confederation of goods, services and tourism (CNC), through CBÃÆ' â € Å"ptica/CNC, its defense of optometry and optics industry, defends free and independent rights. optometric practice, even if it is at odds with the eye doctor's interest.
The Federal Supreme Court (STF), the Brazilian Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal (STJ), another important National Court, decided on several processes that gave unquestionable victory to ophthalmologists.
Optics, Optometry Optometry and Optometry Clinic now have operating licenses granted by health authorities since 2008, when the first Court of the Supreme Court is grateful for the work of optometry professionals.
However, in Brazilian law, there is an explicit recommendation that corrective lens prescriptions are prohibited to sell them. This restrictive rule for ophthalmologists has kept optical shops away from the Hospital and Eye Care Clinic since 1930, and it should be reviewed before further regulation for ophthalmologists.
Colombian
In Colombia, optometry education has been accredited by the Ministry of Health. The latest official revision of the law on health standards in the country was issued in 1992 through Law 30. There are currently eight official universities that are eligible by ICFES to provide optometric certification. The first optometrists arrived in the country from North America and Europe around 1914. These professionals specialize in the field of optics and refraction. In 1933, under Decrees 449 and 1291, the Government of Colombia formally established the rules for professional formation in the field of optometry. In 1966 La Salle University opened its first Faculty of Optometry after receiving a recommendation from a group of professionals. Currently ophthalmologists are encouraged to follow new technologies through congresses and scholarships provided by government or private sector (such as Bausch & Lomb).
See also
- World Optometry Board
- American Academy of Optometry Science
- Behavioral Optometry
- Prescription eyewear
- The closest distance from different visions
- Ophthalmology
- Visual neural sciences
References
Source
- http://www.oregonoptometry.org
- http://oaop.org/oaop
- http://idaho.aoa.org
- https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065719/http://washington.aoa.org/
- http://www.njsop.org/aws/NJSOP/pt/sp/home_page
- http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=2012;volume=60;issue=5;spage=401;epage=405;aulast=De
External links
- DMOZ optometry page
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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