A psychologist learns normal and abnormal mental states of cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behaviors by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and to their surroundings. To become a psychologist, one often completes a graduate degree in psychology, but in most jurisdictions, members of other behavioral professions (such as counselors and psychiatrists) can also evaluate, diagnose, treat, and study mental processes.
Video Psychologist
Professional Practice
Psychologists can be seen as practices in two general categories of psychology: applied psychology that includes "practitioners" or "professionals", and research-oriented psychology that includes "scientist", or "scholar". The training model authorized by the American Psychological Association (APA) requires that applied psychologists be trained both as researchers and practitioners, and they are advanced.
In two main categories there are many more types of psychologists as reflected in the 56 professional classifications recognized by APA, including clinical, counseling, and educational psychologists. Such professionals work with people in a variety of therapeutic contexts. People often think that discipline involves only a clinical psychologist or counseling. While counseling and psychotherapy are common activities for psychologists, this applied field is only two branches in the larger psychological domain. There are other classifications such as industrial, organizational and community psychologists, whose professionals primarily apply psychological research, theory, and engineering to the "real world" issues of business, industry, social organization, government, and academia.
Clinical psychologist
Clinical psychologists can offer a range of professional services, including:
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- Provide psychological treatment (psychotherapy)
- Organize and interpret psychological assessment and testing
- Conducting psychological research
- Teaching
- Develop prevention programs
- Consulting (especially with schools and businesses)
- Program administration
- Provide expert testimonials (forensic experts)
In practice, clinical psychologists may work with individuals, couples, families, or groups in a variety of settings, including personal practice, hospitals, mental health organizations, schools, businesses, and nonprofits. Most clinical psychologists involved in research and teaching do so in a college or university environment. Clinical psychologists may also choose to specialize in a particular field. Common areas of specialization, some of which may obtain board certification, include:
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- Specific disorders (eg trauma, addiction, eating and sleeping disorders, sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, or phobia)
- Neuropsychological disorders
- Child and adolescent psychology
- Family counseling and relationships
- Health psychology
- Sports psychology
- Forensic psychology
- Industrial and organizational psychology
- Educational psychology
Contrast with psychiatrist
Although clinical psychologists and psychiatrists share the same basic goal - the eradication of mental stress - their training, views, and methodology are often different. Perhaps the most significant difference is that psychiatrists are licensed physicians, and, thus, psychiatrists tend to use medical models to assess mental health problems and also use psychotropic drugs as a method of overcoming mental health problems.
Psychologists generally do not prescribe drugs, although in some jurisdictions they have limited prescription rights. In three US states (Illinois, Louisiana and New Mexico), some psychologists with post-doctoral pharmacology training have been given prescriptive authority for certain mental health disorders upon agreement with the patient's physician.
Clinical psychologists receive extensive training in the administration of psychological tests, assessments, interpretations, and reporting, while psychiatrists are not trained in psychological tests. Such tests help to inform diagnostic decisions and treatment planning. For example, in a medical center, patients with complex clinical presentations being seen by a psychiatrist may be referred to a clinical psychologist for psychological tests to help a psychiatrist determine the diagnosis and treatment. In addition, psychologists (especially those from the Ph.D. program) spend several years in graduate schools trained to conduct behavioral research; Their training includes research design and advanced statistical analysis. While this training is available to physicians through a double MD/Ph.D. programs, usually not included in medical education.
Psychiatrists, as licensed physicians, have been trained more intensively in other fields, such as internal medicine and neurology, and can bring this knowledge to bear in identifying and treating medical or neurological conditions that are present with psychological symptoms especially such as depression, anxiety, or paranoia: , hypothyroidism that appears with depressive symptoms, or pulmonary embolism with significant anxiety with anxiety.
Clinical and other psychologists are experts in psychotherapy (usually clinical psychologists trained in a number of psychological therapies, including behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, existential, psychodynamic, and systemic approaches), and psychological tests (eg including neuropsychological testing).
Maps Psychologist
Permissions and regulations
Australia
In Australia, the profession of psychology, and the use of the title of "psychologist", is governed by the Parliament Act, the Regulations of the Health Practitioners (Administrative Arrangement) of the National Laws of 2008, following an agreement between state and territorial governments. Under this national law, registration of psychologists is administered by the Council of Psychology Australia (PsyBA). Prior to July 2010, professional enrollment psychologists were led by state and territorial Psychology Registration Bodies. The Australian Psychology Accreditation Council (APAC) oversees educational standards for the profession.
The minimum requirements for general enrollment in psychology, including the right to use the title "psychologist", are a four-year degree in APAC-approved psychology followed by a two-year or two-year master's program of practice supervised by a registered psychologist. Endorsements within specific practice areas (eg Clinical, counseling, education, forensics, health, organization, or neuropsychology) require additional qualifications. This notation is not a "special" title (West Australian psychologists may use "specialists" in their titles during the three-year transition period from 17 October 2010 to 17 October 2013).
Membership with the Australian Psychological Society (APS) differs from registration as a psychologist. The standard route for full membership (MAPS) from APS typically requires four years of accredited undergraduate APAC study, plus a master's or doctorate in psychology from an accredited institution. Alternate routes are available to academics and practitioners who have gained the appropriate experience and contribute substantially to the field of psychology.
Limitations apply to all individuals who use the title "psychologist" in all Australian states and territories. However, the terms "psychotherapist", "social worker", and "counselor" are currently self-regulated, with some organizations campaigning for government regulation.
Belgium
Since 1933, the title of "psychologist" has been protected by law in Belgium. It can only be used by people on the National Government Commission list. The minimum requirement is the completion of five years of university training in psychology (master's degree or equivalent). The title "psychotherapist" is not legally protected. In 2016, Belgian law recognizes clinical psychologists as an autonomous health profession. He keeps the practice of psychotherapy to medical doctors, clinical psychologists, and clinical orthopedagogists.
Finnish
In Finland, the title "psychologist" is protected by law. Restrictions for psychologists (licensed professionals) are regulated by the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Finland) (Valvira). It takes 330 ECTS-credits (about six years) to complete university studies (master's degree). There are about 6,200 licensed psychologists in Finland.
German
In Germany, the use of the title Diplom-Psychologe (Dipl.-Psych.) Is limited by law, and a practitioner is legally required to hold an appropriate academic degree, comparable to a higher M..Sc. degree and requires at least five years of training at the university. Initially, a diploma in psychology given in Germany included the subject of clinical psychology. With the Bologna reform, this title was replaced by a master's degree. Diploma-Psychologe or M.Sc. (Psychologist) does not include psychotherapeutic qualifications, which require three to five additional years of training. Psychotherapy training combines deep theoretical knowledge with supervised patient care and self-reflection units. After completing the training requirements, the psychologist takes the state exam, which, upon successful completion (Approbation), conferred the official title of "psychological psychotherapy" ( Psychological Psychotherapy ). After years of inter-professional political controversy, non-physician psychotherapy is given an adequate legal foundation through the creation of two new academic health professions.
Greek
Since 1979, the title of "psychologist" has been protected by law in Greece. This can only be used by the person holding the relevant license to practice as a psychologist. The minimum requirement is the completion of university training in psychology at a Greek university, or in a university recognized by the Greek authorities.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the title "psychologist" is not limited by law. The Dutch professional psychologist association (NIP), using trademark law, put forward its own title "Psychologist NIP" ( Psycholoog NIP ). This degree is awarded exclusively to holders of a master's degree in psychology after a year of postgraduate experience. The titles of "psychotherapists" (psychotherapy) and "health psychologists" ( gz-psycholoogs for gezondheidszorgpsycholoog ) are limited through the Individual Healthcare Professionals Act wet BIG ) to those who have attended further postgraduate training (PsyD/DPsych or license level). The use of the titles of "clinical psychologists" (clinical psychologogies) and "clinical neuropsychologists" ( klinisch neuropsycholoog ) are provided to those who have undergone special post-licensing training.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the use of the title "psychologist" is restricted by law. Prior to 2004, only the titles of "registered psychologists" were restricted to qualified and registered persons as such. However, with the proclamation of the Health Insurance Competency Practitioner Act, in 2003, the use of a "psychologist" degree was limited to practitioners enrolled in the New Zealand Psychologist Council. The titles of "clinical psychologists", "psychological counseling", "educational psychologist", "internal psychologist", and "trainee psychologist" are equally protected. This is to protect the public by providing assurance that the right holder is registered and therefore qualified and competent to practice, and accountable. The law does not include an exception clause for any class of practitioners (eg, academics, or government employees).
South Africa
In South Africa, psychologists meet the clinical qualifications, counseling, education, organization, or research psychology. To be qualified, one must complete a recognized master's degree in Psychology, appropriate practicum at a recognized training institution, and take the exam set by the Professional Council for Psychology. Registration with the South African Health Professional Council (HPCSA) is required and includes a component of Sustainable Professional Development. The practice usually involves a full-time apprenticeship, and in some specialties, HPCSA requires an additional one-year settlement of community services. The master's program consists of seminars, theoretical and practical training based courses, limited scope dissertations, and (in many cases) two years in duration. Prior to enrolling in the master's program, students study psychology for three years as undergraduate (B.A. or B.Sc., and, for organizational psychology, also B.Com.), Followed by additional postgraduate degrees in psychology; see List of universities in South Africa. Qualifications require at least five years of study and at least one internship. Bachelor B.Psyc. is a four-year program that integrates theory and practical training, and - with examinations required by the Professional Council for Psychology - sufficient for practice as a psychometer or counselor.
Swedish
In Sweden, the title "psychologist" is limited by law. This can only be used after receiving a license from the government. The basic requirement is a five-year specialization course completed in psychology (equivalent to a master's degree) and twelve months of supervised practice. All other uses are forbidden, though often challenged.
The title "Psychotherapist" is governed by the same rules, but the basic education demands take another year and a half (spread over three years) in a special course in psychotherapy (courses varying in theory), in addition to an academic degree in the field of people care (psychologists, social worker, psychiatrist).
United Kingdom
In the UK, "registered psychologists" and "practitioner psychologists" are protected titles. The title "neuropsychologist" is not protected. In addition, the following specialist titles are also protected by law: "clinical psychologist", "counseling psychologist", "educational psychologist", "forensic psychologist", "health psychologist", "occupational psychologist" and "sports and sports psychologist". The Health and Care Professionals Council (HCPC) is a legal regulator for practicing psychologists in the UK. In the UK, the use of the title "rented psychologist" is also protected by legislation, but the title simply means that the psychologist is a member of the British Psychological Society charter, but not necessarily enrolled in the HCPC. However, it is a violation for someone who is not in the proper part of the HCPC list to provide psychological services. The requirement to enroll as a clinical, counseling, or educational psychologist is a professional doctorate (and in the latter case the Professional Qualification of English Psychology Society, which meets the standards of a professional doctor). The title "psychologist", by itself, is not protected. The British Psychological Society works with HCPC to ensure that the title "neuropsychologist" is organized as a specialist degree for practicing psychologists.
In the UK, clinical psychologists take doctorates in Clinical Psychology (D.Clin.Psych., Clin.Psy.D., or similar), which has a clinical and research component. This is a three-time full-time salary program provided by thirty centers across the UK, sponsored by the National Health Service (NHS). This clinical-psychology doctorate is accredited by the British Psychological Society and HCPC. Entry into this program is highly competitive and requires at least a three-year undergraduate degree in psychology, plus some form of experience, usually either in the NHS, as an assistant psychologist, or in academia, as a Research Assistant. More information on the road to training in the UK can be found at central clearing centers for clinical psychological training applications, and at www.ClinPsy.org.uk, where questions can be answered on forums run by qualified British clinical psychologists.
Jobs
As of December 2012, in the UK, there are 19,000 practitioner psychologists listed in seven categories: clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, educational psychologists, forensic psychologists, health psychologists, work psychologists, sports psychologists and sports. At least 9,500 this is a clinical psychologist, who is the largest group of psychologists in clinical settings such as the NHS. About 2,000 are educational psychologists.
United States and Canada
Rule
A professional in the US or Canada must hold a bachelor's degree in psychology (MA, Psy.D., Ed.D., or Ph.D.), or have a state license to use the title psychologist . The exception to this is the profession of school psychologists, someone with a Specialist Education degree (Ed.S) who can be certified by the board of education to practice and use the title "psychologist". The best known psychologists are clinical psychologists and counselors, who provide psychotherapy, or manage and interpret psychological tests. Requirements vary from state to state to academics in psychology, as well as to government employees.
Psychologists in the United States are campaigning for legislative changes to allow specially trained psychologists to prescribe psychiatric drugs. New legislation in Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, New Mexico, and Illinois has given those who take additional master's programs in psychopharmacology permits to prescribe drugs for mental and emotional disorders, in coordination with the patient's physician. This law has not come without controversy, especially with psychiatrists and the AMA. In 2009, Louisiana was the only country where licensing and regulation of psychological practices by medical psychologists prescribing drugs was regulated by the medical council (State of Louisiana Medical Supervisory Agency) rather than the board of psychologists. While other countries have pursued prescriptive rights, they have not succeeded. Similar laws in the states of Hawaii and Oregon pass through their respective legislative bodies, but in every case the law is vetoed by the state governor.
In 1989, the US Department of Defense directed to create the Psychopharmacology Demonstration Project. In 1997, ten psychologists were trained in psychopharmacology and given the ability to prescribe psychiatric drugs.
In the United States and Canada, full membership at the American Psychological Association requires doctoral training (except in some Canadian provinces, such as Alberta, where a master's degree is sufficient). Minimum requirements for full membership can be ignored in circumstances where there is evidence that significant contributions or performance in the field of psychology have been made. Associate membership requires at least two years of postgraduate study in an approved psychology or related discipline.
Schooling
There are a number of US schools that offer accredited programs in clinical psychology that produce a master's degree. Such programs can range from forty eight to eighty-four units, most often requiring two or three years to complete after a bachelor's degree. Training usually emphasizes the theory and care of research, often with a focus on school, or partner and family counseling. Similar to a doctoral program, the master's level students usually have to meet the time in the clinical practice under supervision; some programs also require a minimum amount of personal psychotherapy. While many graduates of the master's degree course continue to the doctoral program, a large number are also directly practicing - often as licensed professional counselors (LPC), marriage and family therapy (MFT), or other similar licensed practices.
There is intense competition to gain admission to the clinical psychology doctoral program (2-5% admission rate is not uncommon). Clinical psychologists in the US undergo several years of graduate training - usually five to seven years after a bachelor's degree - to gain proven competence and experience. License as a psychologist requires an additional one to two years post Ph.D./Psy.D. (License requires 3,000 hours of supervised training), depending on country. Today in America, about half of all graduate students of clinical psychology are being trained in Ph.D. programs that emphasize research and conducted by universities - with the other half in Psy.D. programs, which focus more on practice (similar to professional degrees for medicine and law). Both types of doctoral programs (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) envisage practicing clinical psychology in a research-based, scientifically valid manner, and most accredited by the American Psychological Association.
APA accreditation is essential for US school clinical, counseling and psychological programs because graduating from an unaccredited doctoral program can adversely affect job prospects and present obstacles to becoming licensed in some jurisdictions.
Doctoral Programs (Ph.D. and Psy.D.) usually involve some variation in the next 5-7 years, 90-120 curriculum units:
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- Behavioral base - biological, cognitive-affective and social-culture
- Individual differences - personality, growth of age, psychopathology
- History and system - development of psychological theories, practices, and scientific knowledge
- Clinical practice - diagnostic, psychological assessment, psychotherapeutic intervention, psychopharmacology, ethical and legal issues
- Courses in statistics and research design
- Clinical experience
- Practicum - usually three or four years working with clients under supervision in a clinical setting. Most work placements start in the first or second year of doctoral training
- Doctoral internship - usually an intensive one or two-year placement in a clinical setting
- Dissertation - Ph.D. programs usually require genuine quantitative empirical research, while Psy.D. The dissertation involves original quantitative or qualitative research, theoretical scholarship, program evaluation or development, critical literacy analysis or application and clinical analysis. The dissertation usually takes 2-3 years to complete.
- Specific options - many programs offer elective course series for specializations, such as health, children, family, community or neuropsychology
- Personal psychotherapy - many programs require students to do a number of hours of personal psychotherapy (with non-faculty therapists) although in recent years this requirement has become less frequent.
- Comprehensive examination or master's thesis: Thesis may involve collecting original and different data from dissertation
License
The practice of clinical psychology requires licensing in the United States, Canada, Britain, and many other countries. Although each US state is different in terms of terms and licenses (see [1] and [2] for examples), there are three general requirements:
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- Graduation from an accredited school with an appropriate degree
- Improved supervised clinical experience
- Pass a written exam and, in some states, an oral exam
All US states, and Canadian provinces, the licensing board is a member of the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Councils (ASPPB) that creates and maintains the Tests for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). Many states require checks other than EPPP, such as the examination of jurisprudence (ie, mental health law) or oral examinations. Most states also require a number of continuing education credits annually to renew licenses. Licenses can obtain this in various ways, such as taking an audited class and attending an approved workshop.
There is a profession whose scope of practice overlaps with the practice of psychology (particularly with regard to the provision of psychotherapy) and who require licensing.
- Psychologist. To practice under the title "psychologist", in almost all cases a doctorate (PhD or PsyD in the US) is required. Typically, after the degree, practitioners must meet a number of post-doctoral hours supervised from 1,500-3,000 (usually taking one to two years), and pass EPPP and other state or provincial examinations.
- Marriage and Family Therapist (MFT) . The MFT license requires a doctorate or a master's degree. In addition, it usually involves two years of post-graduate clinical experience under supervision, and the license requires passing a written exam, generally the National Exam for Marriage and Family Therapists, administered by the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. In addition, most states require oral exams. MFT, as the title suggests, works mostly with families and couples, addressing common psychological problems. Some jurisdictions have exceptions that allow a person to practice marriage and family therapy without meeting the requirements for a license. That is, they offer licenses but do not require marriage therapists and families get them.
- Licensed Professional Adviser (LPC). Similar to MFT, LPC licenses require a master's or doctoral degree, a minimum number of hours of supervised clinical experience in a pre-dock practicum, and graduate from the National Counselor Exam. Similar licenses are the Licensed Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC), Licensed Professional Clinical Adviser (LCPC), and Clinical Adviser in Mental Health (CCMH). In some states, upon passing the exam, a temporary LPC license is granted and the physician may initiate a normal 3000 hour normal supervised apparatus that leads to a full license that allows to train as a counselor or psychotherapist, usually under the supervision of a licensed psychologist. Some jurisdictions have exceptions that allow counseling to practice without fulfilling the requirements for licensing. That is, they offer licenses but do not require the counselor to get them.
- Licensed Psychological License (LPA) Twenty-six countries offer master-only licenses, which are common LPAs, which allow the therapist to practice independently, or, more generally, under the supervision of a psychologist licensed, depending on country. General requirements are two to four years of post-master supervised clinical experience and pass the Psychology Associates Exam. Other titles for this licensed level include psychological technicians (Alabama), psychological assistants (California), licensed clinical psychotherapists (Kansas), licensed psychology practitioners (Minnesota), licensed behavior practitioners (Oklahoma), licensed psychological partners (North Carolina) or psychological testers (Tennessee).
- Licensed behavior analytics
- Licensed licensed behavioral analysts in five states to provide services for clients with substance abuse, developmental disabilities, and mental illness. This profession refers to the evidence base of applied behavioral analysis and behaviorism philosophy. Behavioral analysts have at least a master's degree in behavioral analysis or in a discipline related to mental health, as well as have taken at least five core courses in an analysis of applied behavior. Many behavioral analysts have a doctorate. Most programs have formal internship programs, and some programs are offered online. Most practitioners have passed the exams offered by the Behavioral Analysis Certification Agency. [3] Model permissions acting for behavioral analysts can be found on the Association's website for International Behavioral Analysis.
Jobs
In the United States, out of 170,200 jobs for psychologists, 152,000 work in clinical, counseling, and school positions; 2,300 are employed in industry-organization positions, and 15,900 are in "all else" positions.
The average salary in the US, in 2012, for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists is USD $ 69,280 and the average salary for an organizational psychologist is USD $ 83,580.
See also
- List of psychologists
- Professional mental health
- List of psychological topics
- List of psychologists about postage
References
External links
- Association of European Psychological Federations
- The National Psychologist, an independent bi-monthly newspaper for behavioral health care practitioners
- The term psychology
- American Psychological Association
- Hong Kong Doctors Association in Clinical Psychology
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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