Utricularia inflata , commonly known as swollen bladder , inflated bladderwort , or large floating bladder , is a large aquatic carnivorous plant suspended from the genus Utricularia . It is the immortal that is native to the southeastern coastal plains of the United States. It's often confused with U. radiata , which is similar but smaller than U. inflata . Since 1980, U. inflata has been reported to be in locations beyond its traditional reach, such as the Adirondack Mountains in New York, southeastern Massachusetts, and in Washington State. Studies on populations in the Adirondacks show that the introduction of U. inflata to a location where naturalizes can lead to sedimentary chemical changes by reducing the net primary productivity of native species. It is also listed by the state of Washington as a troubled species due to the dense mat formation in these waters. Utricularia . This is one of the few carnivorous plants that can become invasive.
Video Utricularia inflata
Description
Utricularia inflata is one of the larger aquatic species in the genus Utricularia . Like all Utricularia waters, U. inflata has no original roots or leaves. The filiform stola is the main vegetative "stem" of the plant and can be up to one meter in length or more but only 1-2 mm thick. The stolons are glabrous with 1-5 cm between the branched divisions. Sometimes the stolon will produce air buds floating on the surface of the water and organs like tubers in the substrate. The filiform leaf-like structure appears to be an additional branch of the main stolon and small structures like non-leaf filaments, although its terminology is often debated among scholars. Leaf structure of many and anywhere from 2-18 cm, derived from the base of the stolon into two primary segments and not the same, which is further divided widely into additional segments. An ovoid trap that runs, along 1-3 mm, is produced on the last and very large leaf segment.
In its original range, U. inflata, an enduring species, can start flowering in January and can continue until June. In its growth phase it produces the most visible and visible morphological features of the species: sponge-like clusters that look like circles on the surface of water that support inflorescence, often called "float". U. inflata usually produces 6 to 8 fingers on the buoy (sometimes anywhere from 5 to 10), with each talking 3-10 cm in length and up to 8 mm wide. The apical half of the fingers contains many segments like branching branches that can also have multiple traps. Upright inflorescence 20-50 cm upright is produced from the center of the floating whorl and is usually solitary or has very little scapes for every whorl. An individual plant can produce multiple circles and inflorescence, but they are usually far from each other. Inflorescence produces 9-14 (sometimes 4-17) flowers with uneven lobes, 3-5 mm long. The entire corolla can be 2-2.5 cm long and bright yellow with brown veins on the spur and brown marks on the lower corolla lobe.
This species has diploid chromosome number 2nÃ, = Ã,18 for the most common form and 2nÃ, = Ã,36 for the larger tetraploid population. The larger "races" of tetraploids, as Peter Taylor says, can be up to twice as large as the ordinary diploid species. This race population has been in Florida.
Maps Utricularia inflata
Distribution and habitat
Utricularia inflata is a native of the southeastern United States. The taxonomic records of Peter Taylor mention the following countries where the natives of this species have been found: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. In addition to these countries, the US Department of Agriculture's PLANTS database recognizes populations in Connecticut, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, New York, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. The states of Maryland, Michigan, and New York have classified U. inflata as an endangered or threatened species while Tennessee has listed it as a "special attention" species.
U. inflata inhabit aquatic environments such as lakes, moats, and swamps from shallow deep waters at low altitudes.
Invasiveness
In the early 1980s, specimens from U. inflata began to be collected or recorded outside the traditionally accepted range. Population has been established in the states of Washington, New York, and Massachusetts. The colonies in Washington are a clear introduction, but while populations in New York and Massachusetts are most likely the result of recent introductions, it is harder to say exactly how they were introduced.
In southeastern Massachusetts, some samples of U. inflata have been collected from Federal Pond beginning in 1990, representing its first collection in northern New Jersey on the east coast. Bruce Sorrie has identified a considerable population in this location. Sorrie pointed out that the introduction of this species assisted by humans to Massachusetts is likely because Federal Pond has been used for a variety of purposes since the late 18th century, although Sorrie also noted that propagule transfer by waterfowl or hound from U. the original range of inflata ' may be the same.
Three years after the first collection in Massachusetts, a study of the area around Spruce Pond in Orange County, New York produced the first record for U. inflata in New York State. The authors of this study speculate that, unlike populations found in Massachusetts, it is unlikely that populations in Spruce Pond are the result of human introduction because the ponds are in remote and rarely used areas. Recently in 2005, a study in northern New York identified the population of U. inflata in six lakes in the Adirondack Mountains, representing another northern extension of its reach. In these two lakes U. inflata is the most common species in 2000, while the census of the lake did not find U. inflata anything in 1983. This impressive growth in what might be a new location for this species is similar to that of other invasive plant species. The authors of this study also noted that in one of these sites, many of the original species decreased in frequency or could not be found, possibly due to the presence and proliferation of U. inflata . Laboratory experiments and field observations support the authors' hypothesis that the presence of U. inflata in the Adirondack lakes system undermines the natural nutrient cycles that support the original flora. U. inflata tends to reveal the original flora, specifically Eriocaulon aquaticum , a submerged macrofit isoetid that releases oxygen into the sediment. In this case, U. inflata can indirectly alter the biogeochemical cycles in the Adirondack lake by inhibiting the growth of the original isoetid macrofit and then have a negative effect on the proper chemical balance of sediments. The consequences of this may include increased algae growth and other changes to the ecology of freshwater ecosystems that may be attacked.
Even earlier than the collections in Massachusetts and New York, the population of U. inflata was located at Horseshoe Lake in Kitsap County, Washington in 1980. Since then, the next specimens of U. inflata has been recorded from other Puget Sound lake areas in Kitsap, Mason, Pierce, and Thurston County. One population has even been recorded from the more southerly Silver Lake in Cowlitz County. Information on this species in Washington State provided by the state Department of Ecology contains a statement that the U. presence of inflata ' in Horseshoe Lake is "probably the result of a disposed aquarium." The Washington Department of Ecology also shows that in the area where it occurs, U. inflata forms a solid floating mat, becoming a nuisance to recreational activities. The inhabitants of Lake Limerick, who have a vast population of U. inflata, spend thousands of dollars each summer to clear their lakes from dense, thin mats. Various control methods have been used to control weeds, including sonar treatment, biocontrol utilizing grass weed fish, and manual extraction. Washington considers this species a problem but does not classify it as a dangerous weed. Instead, it is a monitor list of wetlands and aquatic species under quarantine, which means that it is forbidden to sell this species and may be included in the list of toxic weeds of the country in the future.
Most species of carnivorous plants require very specific environmental conditions to thrive. This narrow habitat tolerance means many endangered or endangered carnivorous plants in their home regions. U. inflata ' capabilities to flourish in various locations have been introduced to represent the ability to tolerate a much larger variety of habitats than most species of carnivorous plants.
Cultivation
Utricularia inflata is one of many species of Utricularia cultivated by lovers of carnivorous plants. Because it does not require dormancy and because of its rapid growth, it is one of the aquatic species that is easier to cultivate. Barry Rice, author of Growing Carnivorous Plants, says that this species is the easiest suspended suspended urea Utricularia that he has grown. Rice also mentioned that U. inflata has been used as an aid in the cultivation of very difficult species, such as Aldrovanda vesiculosa , which is much more sensitive to the concentration of nutrients that high. When growing this species, U. inflata will grow rapidly in the presence of higher nutrients, allowing A. vesiculosa to enjoy the thriving conditions.
Rice, Washington Department of Ecology, and Non-Native Water Resources Species source Geological research in the United States all shows that the planting of this species is suspected as the most likely source to be introduced into Horseshoe Lake in Washington. The spread from lake to lake in Washington is probably the result of waterfowls moving from lake to lake and bringing plants or propagules with them.
History of botany
Utricularia inflata was first named and described by Thomas Walter in 1788. U. radiata U. inflation due to its almost identical morphology and distribution. In the past, U. radiata U. inflata or placed in the rank of varieties. U. radiata was first identified by Alvan Wentworth Chapman in 1860 as U. inflata var. minor and noted that it was "in all things smaller" than U. inflata . John Kunkel Small in 1903 was the first to pick up U. inflata var. minor to species level with the name U. radiata . Further research of two taxa mixed about how to treat it. In 1950, Merritt Lyndon Fernald treated them as two varieties of the same species while Henry Gleason considered them different, but allied species in 1952. In 1962, Grady Reinert and R. K. Godfrey further supported the separation of two taxa into different species. The authoritative monograph of Peter Taylor of the genus in 1989 solidified the peculiarities of the two species.
See also
- List Utricularia species
References
External links
- Utricularia inflata on the University of Michigan Natural Features Inventory website, which includes information about a collection of U. inflata in Michigan.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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