Barack Hussein Obama II ( Ã, ( listen ) Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was accepted in the Union as the 50th country. Raised in Hawaii, he also spent a year of his childhood in the state of Washington and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled at Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights lawyer and professor and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law Faculty from 1992 to 2004. He represented the 13th District for three periods in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the United States. Senate. He received national attention in 2004 with his unexpected main victory in March, a well-received speech to the July Democratic National Conference, and his election last November to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after his campaign began and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton. He was elected more than the Republican John McCain and inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the Nobel Peace Prize winner 2009, receiving the award with a warning that he feels there are others "far more worthy of this honor than MY." During his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark laws into law. Major Reforms are Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (often referred to as "Obamacare", abbreviated as "Affordable Care Act"), Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and Do not Ask, Don 'Tell The Revocation Act of 2010. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Reinsurance of Unemployment Insurance, and the Job Creation Act 2010 served as an economic stimulus in the midst of the Great Recession. After a long debate about the national debt limit, he signed the Budget Control and Tax Payer Help Act of America. In foreign policy, he increased the number of US troops in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the US-Russia New START agreement, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya against Muammar Gaddafi; Gaddafi was killed by NATO aid forces, and he also ordered a military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden and suspected Al-Qaeda's Yemen operations Anwar al-Awlaki. After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. During this tenure, he promoted inclusiveness for LGBT America. His administration filed a directive urging the Supreme Court to impose same-sex marriages prohibited as unconstitutional ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ); same-sex marriages are fully legalized by 2015 after the Court decides that same-sex marriage ban is unconstitutional in Obergefell. He advocated for gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shoot, and issued broad executive actions on climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to the benefits made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continuing the process of ending US combat operations in Afghanistan, promoting discussions leading to the Paris 2015 Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia after the invasion of Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 elections of the United States, mediate nuclear deal with Iran, and normalize US relations with Cuba. Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating and is currently in Washington, D.C. Since then, his presidency has been favored by historians and the general public. He also has a high global approval rating, and the reputation of the United States has experienced a dramatic shift during his presidency. Video Barack Obama
Early life and career
Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at the Kapiolani Women and Children's Medical Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is the only President born in Hawaii and the only President born outside 48 adjacent countries. He was born of a white mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942-1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas; he is mostly of English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss, and Welsh ancestry. His father, Barack Obama Sr (1936-1982), was a married Luo Kenya man from Nyang'oma Kogelo. Obama's parents met in 1960 in Russian class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship. The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.
In late August 1961 (just weeks after he was born), Barack and his mother moved to the University of Washington in Seattle, where they stayed for a year. During that time, the eldest Obama completed his bachelor's degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He then went to attend graduate school with a scholarship at Harvard University, where he earned his M.A. in the economic field. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964. Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for the third time. He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas time in 1971, before he was killed in a car accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old. Remembering his childhood, Obama said, "That my father does not look like the people around me - that he's black like tar, my mother is white like milk - hardly listed in my mind." He describes his struggle as a young adult to reconcile the social perception of his multiracial heritage.
In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro at the University of Hawaii; he is an East-West Center graduate student in Indonesia in geography. The couple married in Molokai on March 15, 1965. After two years of extension of the J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His wife and stepson followed him sixteen months later in 1967. The family originally lived in Menteng Tebet Sub-district, South Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a richer neighborhood in Menteng sub-district, Central Jakarta.
Education
From the age of six to ten, Obama attended the Indonesian-language schools:
In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Dunham. He attended Punahou School - a private college prep school - with the help of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979. In his youth, Obama left with the nickname "Barry". Obama lived with his mother and half-brother, Maya Soetoro, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Hawaii. Obama chose to live in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school in Punahou when his mother and step-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so that her mother could start an anthropology field work. Her mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning her PhD in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii after a failed treatment for ovarian and uterine cancer.
Obama then reflects on his years in Honolulu and writes: "The opportunity that Hawaii offers - to experience cultures in a climate of mutual respect - becomes an integral part of my worldview, and the basis for the values ​​I hold the most. Obama also writes and talks about the use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his adolescence to "push the question of who I am out of my mind". Obama is also a member of "gang choom", a group of friends who call themselves spending time together and occasionally smoking marijuana.
After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, Obama made his first public address, calling on Occidental to participate in the disinvestment of South Africa in response to the country's apartheid policy. In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited family colleagues in Pakistan and India for three weeks. Then in 1981, he was transferred as a junior to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science specializing in international relations and in English literature and living off campus on West 109th Street. He graduated with a BA in 1983 and worked for about a year at the International Business Corporation, where he was a financial researcher and author, then as project coordinator for the New York Public Interest Research Group at the College College of New York campus for three months in 1985.
Family and personal life
In an interview in 2006, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-UN", he said. "I have a relative like Bernie Mac, and I have a family like Margaret Thatcher." Obama has a half-brother with whom he grew up (Maya Soetoro-Ng, his mother's daughter and her second Indonesian husband) and seven half-brothers from the Kenyan father's family - six of them live. Obama's mother survived his Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham, until his death on November 2, 2008, two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met his Irish cousin in Moneygall in May 2011. In the Dreams of My father, Obama tied his mother's family history to the possibility of a native American ancestor and a distant relative of Jefferson Davis, President of the American Confederation of States during the War American brother.
Obama is a supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and he threw out his first pitch in ALCS 2005 when he was still a senator. In 2009, he dumped the first ceremonial pitch in the All-Star Game while wearing a White Sox jacket. He is also primarily a Chicago Bears football fan in the NFL, but in childhood and adolescence are fans of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and took root for them ahead of their victory at Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after he took office as President. In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Chicago Bears to the White House; the team has not visited the White House after their Super Bowl victory in 1986 due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. He played basketball, a sport he attended as a member of his university team in high school, and he was left-handed.
Obama stayed with anthropologist Sheila Miyoshi Jager when he became a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s. He proposed to her twice, but Jager and her parents refused. The relationship was only announced in May 2017, a few months after Obama's presidency ended.
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he worked as a summer associate at Chicago Sidley Austin law firm. Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's counsel at the firm, and he joined him in some of the group's social functions but rejected his initial request to date. They started dating later that summer, got engaged in 1991, and got married on October 3, 1992. The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998, followed by her second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001 Obama girls attended the University of Chicago Laboratory School. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at Sidwell Friends School. The Obama family has two Portuguese Water Dogs; the first, a man named Bo, was a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy. In 2013, Bo joins Sunny, a woman.
In 2005, the family implemented the book deal and moved from Hyde Park, Chicago condos to a $ 1.6 million home in nearby Kenwood, Chicago. The purchase of the adjacent lot - and partial sale to Obama by the developer's wife, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko - drew the media's attention because of subsequent charges and Rezko's conviction on political corruption charges unrelated to Obama.
In December 2007, Money Magazine estimated Obama's net worth of $ 1.3 million. Their 2009 tax return shows a household income of $ 5.5 million - up from about $ 4.2 million in 2007 and $ 1.6 million in 2005 - mostly from the sale of his book. In 2010 revenues of $ 1.7 million, he gave 14% to nonprofit organizations, including $ 131,000 for the Fisher House Foundation, a charity that helps wounded veterans' families, allowing them to live near veterans receiving medical care. As per 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $ 10 million.
In early 2010, Michelle talked about her husband's smoking habit and said that Barack had quit smoking.
On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama wrote an essay on Glamor , in which he described how his daughter and presidency had made him a feminist.
Religious view
Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious outlook evolves in his adult life. He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious home". He describes his mother, raised by an unreligious parent, regardless of religion, but "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person I have ever known." He describes his father as a "confirmed atheist" when his parents meet, and his stepfather as "a man who sees religion is not very useful." Obama explains how, through working with black churches as a temporary community organizer in his twenties, he understands "the power of African-American religious traditions to spur social change."
In January 2008, Obama said Christianity Today : "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian I believe in the atoning death and resurrection of Jesus Christ I believe that faith gives me a way to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life. "On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views by saying," I am a Christian because of choice My family is not - frankly, they are not people who go to church every week And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew but she did not raise me in church So I came to my Christian faith in the future, and that's because the teachings of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life I want to lead - being my brothers and sisters, treating others as they treat me. "
Obama met with pastor of Trinity United Church of Christ Rev. Jeremiah Wright in October 1987 and became a Trinity member in 1992. During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after several Wright statements were criticized. Since moving to Washington, DC, in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including Shiloh Baptist Church and St. Episcopal Church. John, as well as the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David, but family members do not attend church regularly.
Legal career
Community managers and Harvard Law School
Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama was back in Chicago when he was employed as director of the Flourishing Community Project, a church-based community organization originally composed of eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale on South Side Chicago. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988. He helped found a job training program, a college tutoring program, and a residents' rights organization at Altgeld Gardens. Obama also works as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing organization. In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his father's relatives for the first time.
Obama entered Harvard Law School in the fall of 1988, living in Somerville, Massachusetts. She was elected editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of her first year, president of the second year's journal, and research assistant for graduate constitutional Laurence Tribe while at Harvard for two years. During the summer, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as a partner at the law firm of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990. After graduating with JD magna cum laude from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago. Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review received national media attention and led to a publishing contract and advanced for a book on race relations, which developed into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father .
Chicago Law School and civil rights lawyers
In 1991, Obama received a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book. He then taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law Faculty for twelve years, first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staff and seven hundred volunteer registries; he achieved his goal of enrolling 150,000 of the state's unregistered African Americans, who led Chicago Business, to name Obama on his "40 under forty" list in 1993.
He joins Davis, Miner, Barnhill & amp; Galland, a 13-prosecutor law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and environmental economic development, where he became a three-year associate from 1993 to 1996, then advisors from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of lawyer at Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank , 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.). The classroom action lawsuit was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as the main plaintiff and alleges that Citibank Federal Savings Bank has engaged in illicit practices under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act. This case was settled out of court. The Final Decision was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay the attorney's fees. His legal license became inactive in 2007.
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the board of directors of Dana Woods Chicago - which in 1985 has been the first foundation to fund the Emerging Communities Project - and the Joyce Foundation. He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.
Legislative career
Illinois State Senator (1997-2004)
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, replacing Democratic State Sen. Alice Palmer of Illinois District 13, who at the time, stretched the Chicago South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park-Kenwood in the south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn. Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for laws that reform the ethics and health care laws. He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reforms, and promoted subsidized increases for child care. In 2001, as vice chairman of the Joint Committee on Bipartisan Administrative Regulations, Obama backed Ryan's payroll regime's payroll regulations and malignant mortgage lending rules aimed at preventing home foreclosures.
He was re-elected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeated the Yesse Yehudah Republic in elections, and was re-elected in 2002. In 2000, he lost the Democratic primary race for the congress district 1 in Illinois in the United States House of Representatives for Bobby Rush who ruled four times by a difference of two to one.
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in minority, regained the majority. He sponsors and leads unanimously, bipartisan legislation to monitor racial profiling by asking the police to record the racers they capture, and the law makes Illinois the first country to require videotaping of murder murder interrogations. During the 2004 election campaign for the US Senate, police representatives praised Obama for his active involvement with police organizations in enforcing the death penalty reform. Obama withdrew from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 after his election to the US Senate.
2004 US Senate campaign
In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in the 2004 US Senate race. He created a campaign committee, started raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod in August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.
Obama is an early opponent of the 2003 invasion of the George W. Bush administration to Iraq. On October 2, 2002, on the day President Bush and Congress agreed on a joint resolution endorsing the Iraq War, Obama spoke of Chicago's anti-Iraq war releases, and spoke out against the war. He spoke of another anti-war demonstration in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.
The decision by Republican rider Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to participate in the election resulted in a large open Democratic and Republican contest involving fifteen candidates. In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won an unexpected landslide - which last night made him a rising star in the national Democratic Party, began speculation about the future of the president, and led to the publication of his memoir, Dreams from My Ayahanda. In July 2004, Obama delivered a keynote speech to the 2004 Democratic National Convention, viewed by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and improved his status within the Democratic Party.
Opponents Obama is expected in the election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004. Six weeks later, Alan Keyes received a Republican nomination to replace Ryan. In the November 2004 election, Obama won with 70% of the vote.
US. Senator from Illinois (2005-08)
Obama was sworn in as senator on January 3, 2005, being the only member of the Senate from the Congressional Black Caucus. CQ Weekly marked him as "Democrats faithful" based on an analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign from the Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of a paralyzed session -ducks, to focus on the transition period for the presidency.
Legislation
Obama sponsored America's Safe and Organized Immigration Act. He introduced two initiatives containing his name: Lugar-Obama, which extends the concept of Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Abuse Reduction to conventional weapons; and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, authorizing the establishment of USAspending.gov, the web search engine for federal spending. On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama - along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain - introduced a follow-up law: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in the 2008 Federal Spending Act.
Obama sponsored a law that would require nuclear plant owners to notify the state and local authorities of radioactive leakage, but the bill failed to be forwarded to the full Senate after being heavily modified on the committee. Regarding the reform of the lawsuit, Obama voted on the 2005 Class Liability Action Law and the 2008 FISA Amendment Act, which provides immunity from civil liability to telecommunication companies involved in wiretapping operations without an NSA warrant.
In December 2006, President Bush signed the Democratic Republic of Congo's Law of Assistance, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal law to be enacted with Obama as its main sponsor. In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced the company's jet provisions for Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007. Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: Deceptive Practices and Invite -The Prevention of Electoral Intimidation to criminalize fraudulent practices in federal elections, and the 2007 Iraq War De-Escalation Act.
Then in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add protection for military disposal of personality disorders. The amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008. He sponsored the Enabling Iran Sanctions Act that supports the state pension fund divestment of the Iranian oil and gas industry, which has not yet passed the committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce the risk of nuclear terrorism. Obama also sponsored the Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members who care for soldiers with war-related injuries.
Committee
Obama served on the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, the Environment and Public Works and Veterans Affairs until December 2006. In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took on additional duties with Health, Education, Labor and Retirement and Homeland Security and government affairs. He also became Chairman of the Senate subcommittee on European Affairs. As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama travels to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi where he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.
Maps Barack Obama
Presidential campaign
2008
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for the President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois. The selection of the announcement site was seen as a symbol because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858. Obama emphasized issues that quickly ended the Iraq War, increased energy independence, and reformed health care systems, in a campaign which project the theme of hope and change.
A number of candidates went into the Democratic presidential election. This field was narrowed to a duel between Obama and Sen. Hillary Clinton after the initial contest, with the race staying close throughout the main process but with Obama getting a steady lead in the promised delegation due to better long-term planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of the rules of allocation of delegations. On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended his campaign and supported Obama.
On August 23, Obama announced the election of Delaware Sen. Joe Biden as vice president. Obama selected Biden from the field speculating to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine. At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called on his supporters to support Obama, and he and Bill Clinton gave a convention speech in support. Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field on Mile High to a crowd of about 84,000 people; the speech was watched by more than 38 million people worldwide.
During the main process and elections, the Obama campaign sets many fundraising records, especially in small donations. On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first presidential candidate to reject public funding in elections since the system was created in 1976.
John McCain was nominated as a Republican candidate, and he chose Sarah Palin as his partner. Both candidates were involved in three presidential debates in September and October 2008. On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain. Obama won 52.9% of popular votes for McCain 45.7%. He became the first African American elected president. Obama delivered his victory speech in front of hundreds of thousands of supporters at Grant Park, Chicago.
2012
On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his re-election campaign for 2012 in a video entitled "It Begins with Us" he posted on his website and filed election letters with the Federal Electoral Commission. As president in power, he ran almost unopposed in the Democratic presidential election, and on April 3, 2012, Obama has secured 2778 delegates of conventions needed to win the Democratic nomination.
At the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, Obama and Joe Biden were officially nominated by former President Bill Clinton as Democratic candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents are Republican Mitt Romney, former Massachusetts governor, and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.
On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 electoral votes, exceeding 270 needed for him to be re-elected as president. With 51.1% of popular votes, Obama became the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt won a majority of popular votes twice. President Obama spoke to supporters and volunteers at Chicago McCormick Place after being re-elected and said: "Tonight you choose action, not politics as usual.You choose us to focus on your work, not ours, and in the coming weeks and months , I hope to reach out and work with leaders of both sides. "
Presidency (2009-17)
first 100 days
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued an executive order and a presidential memorandum that directed the US military to develop a plan to withdraw troops from Iraq. He ordered the closure of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to adjust the necessary funds and prevent the transfer of Guantanamo detainees to the US or to other countries. Obama reduced the secrecy given to the president's record. He also lifted the recovery of President of the United States President Ronald Reagan from President George W. Bush which prohibits federal aid to international family planning organizations that conduct or provide counseling about abortion.
Domestic policy
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Payout Act of 2009, which loosened the statute of limitations for equal lawsuits. Five days later, he signed a re-authorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children. In March 2009, Obama reversed Bush-era policies that had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and promised to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.
Obama appointed two women to serve in the Supreme Court within the first two years of his presidency. She was nominated Sonia Sotomayor on May 26, 2009 to replace Justice's retirement Justice David Souter; he was confirmed on August 6, 2009, being the first Supreme Court Judge of Hispanic descent. Obama nominated Elena Kagan on May 10, 2010 to replace retired Court Judge John Paul Stevens. He was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting together in court to three judges for the first time in American history.
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill that ended the federal government's process of subsidizing private banks to provide federal-backed loans, increasing Pell Grant scholarship awards, and making changes to the Protection Patients and Affordable Care Act.
In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced planned changes in directions at NASA, the US space agency. He ended plans to restore human space to the moon and the development of Ares I rockets, Ares V rockets and Constellation programs, supporting funding of earth science projects, new rocket types, and research and development for manned missions to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.
President Obama's United States address is focused on the theme of education and innovation, stressing the importance of economic innovation to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the richest Americans, banning congressional features, and reducing health care costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would 80% rely on "clean" electricity.
LGBT Rights
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Crime Prevention Act of Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate, an act expanding the United States of America's crime-of-hate law 1969 to include gender-motivated crime or actual gender, sexual orientation, sex of the victim. identity, or disability.
On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted a ban on traveling to the United States by those infected with HIV, celebrated by the Immigration Equality.
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed Do not Ask, Do not Tell the Revocation Act of 2010, which fulfills the key promises made in the 2008 presidential campaign to end Do not ask, do not tell the 1993 policy that has prevented gay and lesbian people from serving open in the United States Armed Forces. In 2016, the Pentagon ended a policy that also forbids transgender people to serve openly in the military.
As an Illinois state senate candidate in 1996, Obama said that he prefers to legalize same-sex marriage. By the time his Senate was run in 2004, he said he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, but he opposed same-sex marriage for strategic reasons. On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign to be re-elected president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first US president to sit down to do so.
During his second inaugural address on January 21, 2013, Obama became the first US President in an office calling for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is incomplete until our gay brothers are treated like others under the law - because if we really created the same, then surely the love we commit to each other must be the same. "This is the first time a president mentions gay rights or the word" gay "in his inaugural address.
In 2013, the Obama Administration filed a brief report urging the Supreme Court to decide on supporting same-sex couples in the case of Hollingsworth v. Perry (on same-sex marriage) and United States. v. Windsor (on the Defense of the Marriage Act). Then, following the 2015 Supreme Court decision at Obertenfell v. Hodges (ruling same-sex marriage is a fundamental right), Obama insists that, "This decision confirms what millions of Americans have believed in their hearts: When all Americans are treated equally, we are all more free."
On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of the National AIDS Policy revised its strategy to address the disease, including extensive testing and linkage with health care, celebrated by the Human Rights Campaign.
White House advisory and supervision group
On March 11, 2009, Obama created the White House Council of Women and Girls, which is part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, which was established by the 13506 Executive Order with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and women. The Council is currently headed by Senior Advisor to President Valerie Jarrett. Obama also set up a White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assaults through an official memorandum of the United States government on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues related to sexual assault on campuses and colleges across America Union. The current deputy chairmen of the Task Force are Vice President Joe Biden and Jarrett. The Task Force has been the development of the White House Council for Women and Girls and the Office of the Vice President of the United States, and prior to that, the Anti-Violence Agreement on Women 1994 was first drafted by Biden.
Economic policy
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $ 787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economic recovery from a deepening world recession. The law includes increased federal spending on health care, infrastructure, education, tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals.
In March, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including the introduction of the Private-Private Investment Program for Inheritance Assets, which contains a provision to buy up to two trillion dollars in depreciable real estate assets. Obama intervened in the troubled auto industry in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to resume operations while reorganizing. Over the next few months the White House set the terms for both companies' bankruptcies, including Chrysler sales for Italian manufacturer Fiat and GM's reorganization giving the US government 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking 12% stake. In June 2009, not satisfied with the rate of economic stimulus, Obama asked his cabinet to speed up investment. He signed the Car Rebase Disbursement System law, known as "Cash for Clunkers", which temporarily boosted the economy.
The Bush and Obama administrations have authorized spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury. This guarantee amounted to about $ 11.5 trillion, but only $ 3 trillion was spent at the end of November 2009. Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted the 2010 budget deficit would be $ 1.5 trillion or 10.6% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP ) compared to the 2009 deficit of $ 1.4 trillion or 9.9% of GDP. For 2011, the government estimates the deficit will shrink to $ 1.34 trillion, and the 10-year deficit will increase to $ 8.53 trillion or 90% of GDP. The latest increase in the US debt ceiling to $ 17.2 trillion came into effect in February 2014. On August 2, 2011, after a long congress debate over whether to raise the country's debt limit, Obama signed the Bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The law - invite restrictions on discretionary spending until 2021, establish procedures to increase debt limits, create Joint Options Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with another goal of reaching at least $ 1.5 trillion in budget savings over 10 years, and establishing procedures automated to reduce spending by as much as $ 1.2 trillion if laws coming from a new joint joint committee do not achieve such savings. By passing legislation, Congress can prevent the failure of the US government over its obligations.
As happened throughout 2008, the unemployment rate increased in 2009, peaking in October at 10.0% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. After declining to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate dropped to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year. Between February and December 2010, employment rose 0.8%, which is less than the 1.9% average experienced during the comparable period in the last four jobs recovery. In November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7%, dropping to 6.7% in the last month of 2013. During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter. GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, rising at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter. Growth continued in 2010, posting a 3.7% increase in the first quarter, with lower yields for the rest of the year. In July 2010, the Federal Reserve noted that economic activity continued to rise, but its pace has slowed, and chairman Ben Bernanke said the economic outlook was "unbelievably uncertain". Overall, the economy grew at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.
The Congressional Budget Office and various economists praised Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth. CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1-2.1 million, while admitting that "It is impossible to determine how much work is reported to be available in the absence of a stimulus package." Although the April 2010 survey of National Association members for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (during the same January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill had no impact on employment. The United States economy has grown faster than other native NATO members by a wider margin under President Obama than has ever happened anytime since the end of World War II. The OECD credits much faster growth in the United States to stimulus in the United States and austerity measures in the EU.
Within a month of the 2010 part-time election, Obama announced a compromise deal with Congressional Congressional leaders that included a two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and new rates and tax exclusion counts property. The compromise overcame opposition from some on both sides, and $ 858 billion of Tax Relief, Reichorization Unemployment Insurance, and Job Creation Act of 2010 graduated with a bipartisan majority in both congressional assemblies before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.
In December 2013, Obama stated that the increasing inequality of income is "a challenge that determines our time" and asks Congress to improve safety nets and raise wages. This comes along with a strike of fast food workers and Pope Francis's critique of trickle-down inequalities and economics.
Obama has urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade agreement called the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Environmental policy
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and refineries in an effort to curb greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a massive oil leak. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and set up a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after review by Interior Secretary Ken Salazar and a concurrent congressional hearing. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new sea water drilling permits and leases, awaiting regulatory review. Due to various efforts by BP failed, some in the media and the public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and expressed a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.
In July 2013, Obama objected and stated he would "refuse the Keystone XL pipeline if it increases carbon pollution" or "greenhouse emissions". Obama's advisers called for an end to oil exploration in the Arctic in January 2013. On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline. It was Obama's third veto of presidency and his first major veto.
Obama has emphasized the conservation of federal lands during his tenure. He uses his powers under the Antiquities Act to create 25 new national monuments during his presidency and expand the other four, protecting the total 553 million hectares (224,000,000 ha) of land and federal waters, more than any other US president.
Health care reform
Obama called on Congress to pass a health care reform law in the United States, a key campaign pledge and a major legislative objective. He proposes the expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to limit the increase in premiums, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. The proposal is to spend $ 900 billion over 10 years and include government insurance plans, also known as public options, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a key component to lowering costs and improving the quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for an insurance company to drop sick people or deny their coverage to pre-existing conditions, and require every American to bear health coverage. The plan also includes cuts in medical expenses and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.
On July 14, 2009, House Democrat leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan to overhaul the US health care system, which Obama wants Congress to approve at the end of 2009. After much public debate during the 2009 summer Congress recess, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9th where he discussed concerns over the proposal. In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring public options was ratified in the DPR. On 24 December 2009, the Senate passed the bill itself - without a public option - on party-line voting 60-39. On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) endorsed by the Senate in December was passed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 219 to 212. Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.
ACA covers health-related provisions, which are mostly applicable in 2014, including the widespread Medicaid requirement for people who achieve up to 133% of federal poverty levels (FPL) starting 2014, subsidizing insurance premiums for people up to 400% FPL ($ 88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payout for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of revenue, providing incentives for businesses to deliver health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting cover of annual coverage, and support for medical research. According to White House figures and the Budget of the Office of Congress, the maximum share of revenues to be paid by applicants will vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-savings measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those with high income, taxes on tanning space, deductions to Medicare Advantage programs that support traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies ; there is also a tax penalty for those who do not get health insurance unless they are released due to low income or other reasons. In March 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws was a federal deficit reduction of $ 143 billion over the first decade.
The law faces several legal challenges, mainly based on the argument that the mandate of individuals who require Americans to buy health insurance is unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 vote at the National Independent Business Federation v. Sebelius that his mandate is constitutional under the tax authority of the US Congress. In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby The court ruled that a "closely held nonprofit" can be freed on a religious basis under the Freedom of Religion Recovery Act from regulations adopted under the ACA that would require them to pay for insurance covering certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6-3 at King v. Burwell that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance are authorized for those who do so in federal exchanges and state exchanges, not only do their purchasing plans "set by the State", as written in the law. Energy policy
Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broad-based "All Over" approach to domestic energy policy, which Obama maintained since his first term and the last he confirmed in his state address in January 2014 for mixed acceptance by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made an indication that his administration would consider a shift towards a closer energy policy linked to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy. Obama's approach selectively combines regulation and incentives for various issues in domestic energy policies such as coal mining and oil fracking have received mixed comments because they are unresponsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as required, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector makes use of as much as one-third of the energy resources available in this country.
Pistol control
On January 16, 2013, one month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School photo shoot, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of proposals on weapons control. He urged Congress to reintroduce an expired ban on military-style assault weapons, as used in recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines for up to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all arms sales, authorize a ban on ownership and its bullet sales pierced the bullet, introducing heavier penalties for firearms traders, notably unlicensed merchants who bought weapons for criminals and approved the appointment of heads of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives for the first time since 2006. On January 5, 2016, Obama announces a new executive action that extends the requirements of background checks to more arms sellers. In a 2016 editorial in New York Times , Obama compares the struggle for what he calls "arcane weapons reform" for women's suffrage and other civil rights movements in American history.
mid-term elections 2010
Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, in which the Democratic Party lost 63 seats, and control, the House of Representatives, "demeaning" and "dismissal". He said the results came because not enough Americans felt the impact of the economic recovery.
Cybersecurity and Internet Policy
On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the Federal Communications Commission to reclassify broadband Internet services as telecommunication services to keep net neutrality. On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed the 13636 Executive Order, "Improving Cybersecurity of Critical Infrastructure."
Foreign policy
In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton traveled separately to announce a new "era" in US foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to give a big signal. change from previous administration policy. Obama is trying to reach out to Arab leaders by giving his first interview to Arab satellite TV network Al Arabiya.
On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing New Year's video messages to the people and government of Iran. In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments. On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for a "New Beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.
On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions against demonstrators after the 2009 presidential election in Iran by saying: "Violence committed against them is outrageous, we see it and we condemn it." While in Moscow on July 7, he responded to Vice President Biden's comments about possible Israeli military offensive against Iran by saying: "We have told Israel directly that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflicts in the East Central. "
On 24 September 2009, Obama became the first US President to sit to chair the United Nations Security Council meeting.
In March 2010, Obama took a public stand against plans by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government to continue building Jewish housing projects in an Arab-dominated environment in East Jerusalem. During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact that reduced the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenal of both countries by about one-third. Obama and Medvedev signed the New START agreement in April 2010, and the US Senate ratified it in December 2010.
In December 2011, Obama instructed the agency to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries. In August 2013, he criticized Russian law that discriminated against gays, but he stopped advocating a 2014 Upcoming Olympic boycott in Sochi, Russia.
In December 2014, Obama announced that he intends to normalize the relationship between Cuba and the United States. "The interests of" each country 'in the capital of each other are upgraded to the embassy on July 20, 2015.
In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized US troops to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen, forming a Joint Planning Cell with Saudi Arabia.
Before leaving the office, Obama said German Chancellor Angela Merkel has become "her closest international partner" during her term as President.
The war in Iraq
On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end in 18 months. His remarks were made for a group of Marines preparing to be stationed in Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as clearly as possible: on August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end." The Obama administration is scheduled to withdraw combat troops to be completed in August 2010, reducing troop numbers from 142,000 while leaving a transitional power of around 50,000 in Iraq by the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last US combat brigade out of Iraq.. The remaining troops moved from combat operations to counter-terrorism and training, equipping, and advising Iraqi security forces. On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the US combat mission in Iraq had ended. On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all US troops would leave Iraq in time to become "home for the holidays".
In June 2014, after the capture of Mosul by ISIS, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for US personnel and the US Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continues to gain land and widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing.
In August 2014, during the Sinjar massacre, Obama ordered a US air strike campaign against ISIS.
By the end of 2014, 3,100 US troops committed to conflict and 16,000 counter-attacks were flown over the battlefield, especially by the US Air Force and Navy pilot.
In the spring of 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the 82nd Airborne Division the number of US ground troops in Iraq soared to 4,400, and in July US-led coalition forces counted 44,000 assaults on the battlefield.
War in Afghanistan
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to strengthen US troop forces in Afghanistan. He announced an increase in US troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", a region he says has not received "much needed attention, direction and strategic resources". He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Commander Lieutenant General Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, pointed out that the Special Forces McChrystal experience would facilitate the use of counter-insurgency tactics in the war. On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin withdrawing troops 18 months from that date; this occurred in July 2011. David Petraeus succeeded McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article. In February 2013, Obama said the US military would reduce troop numbers in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 US troops by February 2014.
In October 2015, the White House announced plans to maintain the Ber Force
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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