Copyright is a legal right, which exists globally in many countries, which basically gives the creator the exclusive rights of the original work to determine and decide whether, and under what conditions, this original work can be used by others. This is usually only for a limited time. Exclusive rights are not absolute but are limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright laws, including fair use. The main limitation of copyright on ideas is that copyright only protects the original expression of the idea, and not the underlying idea itself.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property, which applies to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require "fixing" the copyrighted work in real form. It is often shared among many authors, who each hold a set of rights to use or license a job, and who is often referred to as the rights holder. These rights often include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, and moral rights such as attribution.
Copyright can be granted by public law and in this case regarded as "territorial rights". This means that the copyright granted by the laws of a particular country, does not extend beyond the territory of a particular jurisdiction. This type of copyright varies in every country, many countries, sometimes a large group of countries, have made agreements with other countries how to act across border situations and when national rights collide.
Typically, the duration of public law from copyright ends 50 to 100 years after the creator dies, depending on its jurisdiction. Some states require certain copyright formalities to establish copyright, others recognize copyright in completed work, without official registration. Generally, copyright is treated as a civil matter, although some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright restrictions, allowing "fair" exceptions to the exclusivity of the copyright creator and granting certain rights to users. The development of digital media technologies and computer networks has prompted a reinterpretation of these exceptions, introducing new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspiring additional challenges to the philosophical foundation of copyright law. At the same time, businesses with great economic dependence on copyright, such as those in the music business, have advocated for extension and extension of copyright and seek additional law enforcement and technology.
Copyright can also be provided by private companies. Internet platform providers services such as YouTube, Facebook, GitHub, Hotmail, DropBox, Instagram, WhatsApp or Twitter can only be used when the user provides the platform provider first the right to use alongside all uploaded content, including any materials exchanged per email, chat or storage cloud. This copyright applies only to the company that operates the platform, no matter what platform platform jurisdiction is offered. Private companies generally do not recognize exceptions or give users more rights than the right to use platforms according to certain rules.
Video Copyright
History
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Copyright appears with the invention of the printing press and with wider literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain stem from a reaction to a printer monopoly in the early 18th century. The British parliament is worried about copying unregulated books and passing the Litigation of Press Law 1662, which lists licensed books and requires a copy to be stored at Stationers Company, essentially continuing long-standing material licenses.
Copyright law allows products from creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be exclusively exploited and thus given incentives. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to explain why copyright arises in Europe and not, for example, in Asia. In the Middle Ages in Europe, there was generally no concept of literary property because of the general relations of production, the organization of literary production and the cultural role of society. The latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as Europe in the medieval period, to view knowledge as a product and a collective expression, rather than view it as an individual property. However, by copyright law, intellectual production can be seen as the product of an individual, with the rights of the officer. The most significant thing is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of creative human activities that can be commodified. This is in line with the ways in which capitalism leads to the commodification of many aspects of social life that previously had no monetary or economic value per se.
Copyright has grown from the legal concept of copying rights in the publication of books and maps into one with significant effects on almost every modern industry, which includes items such as sound recordings, films, photographs, software, and architectural works.
National copyright
Often seen as the first real copyright law, 1709 of the English Statute Anne gives the issuer the right for a fixed period, after which the copyright ends. The act also alludes to the individual rights of the artist. It begins, "Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and Others, too late have often taken Liberty of Printing... Books, and Other Posts, Without the Author's Approval... for Their Great Care, and Too often for Their Doom and Family them: ". The right to profit financially from the work is articulated, and judicial and judicial decisions have recognized the right to control jobs, such as ensuring that their integrity is maintained. The irrevocable right to be recognized as the creator of the work appears in several countries' copyright laws.
The United States Copyright Clause, the Constitution (1787) authorizes copyright laws: "To promote the Progress of Science and Arts useful, by securing Limited Time to Author and Inventor of Exclusive Rights to Their Own Writings and Discovery." That is, by guaranteeing them a period of time in which they themselves can benefit from their work, they will be enabled and encouraged to invest the time needed to create it, and this will be good for society as a whole. The right to profit from work has become the philosophical foundation for many laws that extend the duration of copyright, to the life of the creator and so on, to their heirs.
The original length of copyright in the United States is 14 years, and it must be explicitly applied. If the authors hope, they can apply for the second year of monopoly 14 years, but after that the work enters the public sphere, so it can be used and built by others.
The copyright law came into effect quite late in the German state, and historian Eckhard HÃÆ'¶ffner argued that the absence of copyright laws in the early nineteenth century led to the publication, favorable to the author, led to the development of books, increased knowledge, and finally an important factor in the mastery of Germany as a force during that century.
International copyright agreement
The 1885 Berne Convention first establishes the recognition of copyright among sovereign states, not just bilaterally. Under the Bern Convention, copyright for creative works is not necessarily confirmed or declared, as it automatically applies at creation: an author does not have to "register" or "apply" for copyright in countries that follow the Berne Convention. As soon as a work is "fixed," that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, the authors are automatically entitled to all copyright in the work, and for any derivative works except and until the author explicitly releases it, or until the copyright expires. The Berne Convention also resulted in foreign authors being treated equally with domestic authors, in any country that signed the Convention. Britain signed the Berne Convention in 1887 but did not apply large portions until 100 years later with the passing of the Copyright, Design and Patent Act 1988. In particular, for educational and scientific research purposes, the Berne Convention provides developing country issues of compulsory licensing for translation or reproduction the copyrighted work within the limits prescribed by the Convention. This is a special provision that was added to the 1971 revision of the Convention, due to the strong demands of developing countries. The United States did not sign the Bern Convention until 1989.
The United States and most Latin American countries entered into the Buenos Aires Convention in 1910, requiring copyright notices of employment (such as all rights reserved ), and allowing the signatory country to limit the duration of copyright to shorter and renewable terms. The Universal Copyright Convention was drafted in 1952 as another less demanding alternative to the Berne Convention, and ratified by countries such as the Soviet Union and the developing countries.
The Berne Convention ruling is incorporated into the TRIPS World Trade Organization (1995) agreement, thereby giving the Bern Convention effectively to global applications.
In 1961, United International Bureaux for Intellectual Property Protection signed the Rome Convention for the Protection of Perpetrators, Recording Producers and Broadcasting Organizations. In 1996, the organization was replaced by the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization, which launched the 1996 WIPO Agreement and the Phonograms Agreement and the 2002 WIPO Copyright Agreement, which imposes greater restrictions on the use of technology to copy works in ratified countries. I t. The Trans-Pacific Partnership includes intellectual property provisions relating to copyright.
Copyright laws are standardized through international conventions such as the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. This multilateral agreement has been ratified by almost all countries, and international organizations such as the European Union or the World Trade Organization require their member states to abide by it.
Maps Copyright
Obtain protection
Ownership
The original copyright holder may be the employer of the author rather than the writer himself if the work is "a job to rent". For example, in English law, Copyright, Design, and the 1988 Patent Act states that if a copyrighted work is created by an employee in the work, copyright is automatically owned by the employer who will be "Employed Jobs". Usually, the first owner of the copyright is the person who created the work, the author. But when more than one person creates a job, then a joint authorship case can be made provided that several criteria are met.
Decent work
Copyright may apply to various creative, intellectual, or artistic forms, or "works". The specifications differ by jurisdiction, but these may include poetry, theses, fictional characters and other literary works, moving pictures, choreography, musical compositions, sound recordings, paintings, drawings, sculptures, photographs, computer software, radio and television broadcasts, and industrial design. Graphic design and industrial design may have separate or overlapping laws that apply to them in some jurisdictions.
Copyright does not include the idea and information itself, just the form or the way in which they are expressed. For example, copyright on Mickey Mouse cartoons restricted others from making copies of cartoons or creating derivative works based on Disney's own anthropomorphic mouse, but did not prohibit the making of other works on anthropomorphic mice in general, provided they were different enough not to be judged by a copy of Disney. Note that Mickey Mouse is not copyrighted because the characters can not be copyrighted; on the contrary, Steamboat Willie owns the copyright and Mickey Mouse, as characters in the copyrighted work, are given protection.
Originality
Typically, a work must meet minimum standards of originality to qualify for copyright, and copyright expires after a certain period of time (some jurisdictions allow this to be extended). Different countries apply different tests, although generally the requirements are low; in England there must be "skill, labor, and judgment" that has entered into it. In Australia and the United Kingdom, there is one word that is not enough to cover copyrighted works. However, single words or a series of short words can sometimes be registered as trademarks.
Copyright law recognizes the rights of an author based on whether the work is really an original creation, not based on whether it is unique; two authors may own the copyright to two works that are substantially identical, if it is determined that the duplication is accidental, and not copied from the other.
Registration
In all countries where Berne Convention standards apply, copyright is automatic, and should not be obtained through official registration at a government office. Once an idea has been reduced to a tangible form, for example by securing it in a fixed medium (such as a picture, sheet music, photographs, videotapes, or computer files), the copyright holder is entitled to establish his or her existence. right. However, while registration is not required for the use of copyright, in jurisdictions where the law provides for registration, it serves as a prima facie proof of legitimate copyright and allows copyright holders to seek legal remedies and attorneys fees. (In the US, registering after a violation only allows a person to receive actual damage and lost profits.)
A widely circulated strategy to avoid the cost of copyright registration is referred to as the copyright of the poor. It proposes that the creator send the work to himself in a sealed envelope by registered mail, using postmark to set the date. This technique has not been recognized in an opinion published in US courts. The United States Copyright Office says the technique is not a substitute for real registration. The British Intellectual Property Office discusses the techniques and notes that techniques (as well as commercial registries) do not constitute dispositive evidence that the work is original or define who created the work.
Fix it
The Bern Convention allows member states to decide whether creative works should be "improved" to enjoy copyright. Article 2, Section 2 of the Berne Convention states: "It shall be a matter for the law in the Union states to determine which works in general or certain categories of works shall not be protected unless they have been remedied in some material form." Several countries does not require that a work be produced in a particular form to obtain copyright protection. For example, Spain, France, and Australia do not require fixation for copyright protection. The United States and Canada, on the other hand, require that most works must be "fixed in a medium of real expressions" to obtain copyright protection. The US law requires stable fixation and is sufficiently permanent to be "perceived, reproduced, or communicated over a period of more than temporary duration." Similarly, the Canadian court considers fixation to require that the work "be exposed to some extent at least in some material form, be able to identify and have more or less permanent endurance."
Copyright notice
Prior to 1989, US law required the use of a copyright notice, consisting of a copyright symbol (Ã, Â ©, letter C inside a circle), the abbreviation "Copr.", Or the word "Copyright "", followed by the year of the first publication of the work and the name of the copyright holder.Some years may be noted if the work has been substantially revised.An appropriate copyright notice for the sound recording of music or other audio works is a copyright symbol of a sound recording (?, b> P inside the circle), which indicates the copyright of the voice recording, with the letter P indicating "phonorecord." In addition, the phrase Copyright is reserved once required to affirm copyright, but the phrase is now legally obsolete Almost everything on the Internet has some kind of copyright attached to it Whether these things are watermarked, signed or have other indications of copyright is a different story.
In 1989 the United States enacted the Law on the Implementation of the Berne Convention, amending the 1976 Copyright Act to conform to most provisions of the Berne Convention. As a result, the use of copyright notices is optional to claim copyright, as the Bern Convention makes automatic copyright. However, the lack of a copyright notice using these signs may have consequences in terms of reducing the damage in the infringement lawsuit - using notices of this form may reduce the likelihood of an "innocent innocence" defense becoming a success.
Enforcement
Copyright is generally upheld by holders in civil law courts, but there are also criminal offense laws in some jurisdictions. While the central registries are kept in some countries that assist in proving ownership claims, registration does not always prove ownership, also the fact of copying (even without permission) certainly proves that copyright is infringed. Criminal sanctions are generally intended for serious fraudulent activity, but are now becoming more common because collective copyright such as RIAA increasingly targeting home users of home sharing files. So far, however, most of the cases against file assessors have been settled out of court. (View: Legal aspect of file sharing)
In most jurisdictions the copyright holder must bear the costs of copyright enforcement. This will usually involve the involvement of legal, administrative or judicial representatives. In light of this, many copyright disputes are resolved with a direct approach to the offending party to resolve the out-of-court dispute.
"... in 1978, the scope was extended to apply to every 'expression' that has been 'fixed' in every medium, this protection is given automatically whether the author wants it or not, no registration is required."
Copyright infringement
In order for a work to be infringed upon copyright, its use must be made in a country which has domestic copyright laws or comply with bilateral agreements or established international conventions such as the Berne Convention or the WIPO Copyright Agreement. The use of non-conforming material outside the law is considered "unauthorized edition", not copyright infringement.
Copyright infringement is most common in software, movies, and music. However, violations of books and other text works remain common, especially for educational reasons. Statistics about the effects of copyright infringement are difficult to determine. Studies have tried to determine whether there is a monetary loss to the industry affected by copyright infringement by predicting what portion of pirated work will be purchased officially if it is not available for free. Other reports indicate that copyright infringement has no adverse effects on the entertainment industry, and can have a positive effect. In particular, a university study of 2014 concluded that free music content, accessed on YouTube, does not always harm sales, has the potential to increase sales.
Rights granted
Exclusive rights
Some of the exclusive rights are usually attached to the copyright holder:
- protect work
- to determine and decide how, and under what conditions, work may be marketed, publicly displayed, reproduced, distributed, etc.
- produces a copy or reproduction of the work and sells such copies (including, usually, electronic copies)
- to import or export jobs
- to create derivative works (works that adapt original works)
- to perform or display jobs publicly
- sell or assign this rights to others
- to send or display via radio, video, or internet.
The basic right when a work is protected by copyright is that the holder can determine and decide how and under what conditions the protected work can be used by others. This includes the right to decide to distribute the work for free. This section of copyright is often monitored. The phrase "exclusive right" means that only copyright holders are free to exercise such rights, and others are prohibited from using such work without the permission of the holder. Copyright is sometimes called a "negative right," because it serves to ban certain people (for example, readers, viewers, or listeners, and especially publishers and publishers) from doing something they can do, rather than allowing people (eg , writers) to do something they can not do. In this way it is similar to design rights not listed in English law and European law. The rights of copyright holders also permit them not to use or exploit their copyrights, for some or all terms. However, there are critics who reject this claim as being based on philosophical interpretations of copyright laws that are not universally distributed. There is also a debate whether copyright should be regarded as a property right or a moral right.
If a drawing, drawing or sculpture is a useful article, it is copyright only if the aesthetic feature can be separated from its utilitarian features. Useful articles are articles that have intrinsic utilitarian functions that are not solely to describe the appearance of articles or to convey information. They must be separated from the functional aspects that are protected by copyright.
Duration
Copyright holds for various lengths in different jurisdictions. The term length may depend on several factors, including the type of work (eg musical composition, novel), whether the work has been published, and whether the work was created by an individual or company. In most parts of the world, the default copyright length is the age of the author plus 50 or 70 years. In the United States, the term for most works is the number of years fixed after the date of manufacture or publication. Under the laws of most countries (eg, the United States and United Kingdom), copyright ends at the end of the calendar year.
The length and terms for the duration of copyright may change by law, and since the early 20th century there have been a number of adjustments made in different countries, which can determine the given duration of copyright rather difficult. For example, the United States used to require that copyright be updated after 28 years to remain in effect, and previously required copyright notices of the first publication to obtain coverage. In Italy and France, there are post-war extensions that can improve the terms about 6 years in Italy and about 14 in France. Many countries have extended their copyright periods (sometimes retroactively). International agreements establish minimum requirements for copyright, but each country may enforce longer terms than that.
In the United States, all books and other works published before 1923 have expired copyright and are in the public domain. In addition, the works published before 1964 that do not have their copyright renewed 28 years after the first year of publication are also in the public domain. Hirtle points out that most of these works (including 93% of the books) are not updated after 28 years and are in the public domain. Books originally issued outside the US by non-Americans are exempt from the terms of this update, if they still have copyright in their home country.
But if the intended exploitation of the work includes publication (or the distribution of derivative works, such as films based on copyrighted books) outside the US, worldwide copyright requirements should be considered. If the author has died more than 70 years, the work is in the public domain in most, but not all, countries.
In 1998, the length of copyright in the United States increased by 20 years under the Copyright Renewal Act. This law is heavily promoted by highly valuable copyrighted companies that would otherwise expire, and have been the subject of substantial criticism in this regard.
Limits and exceptions
In many jurisdictions, copyright laws make exceptions to these restrictions when work is copied for the purpose of comments or other related uses. U.S. copyright does NOT include names, titles, short phrases or Lists (such as materials, recipes, labels, or formulas). However, there are protections available for areas that do not include copyrights - such as trademarks and patents.
There are some exceptions to protect copyright. Copyright will not protect:
- Product name
- Business name, organization, or group
- Personal pseudonyms
- Work title
- Keywords, slogans, mottoes, slogans, or short ad phrases
- List of ingredients in recipes, labels and formulas, although the instructions may be copyrighted
dichotomy of idea-expression and merger doctrine
The idea-expression split distinguishes between ideas and expressions, and states that copyright only protects the original expression of the idea, and not the idea itself. This principle, first described in the case of Baker v. Selden in 1879, has since been codified by the Copyright Act of 1976 on 17 U.S.C. Ã,§ 102 (b).
First and ending sales docs
The copyright law does not restrict the copy owner to resell a valid copy of the copyrighted work, provided that the copy was originally produced by or with the permission of the copyright holder. Therefore, it is legitimate, for example, to resell a copyrighted book or CD. In the United States, this is known as the first sales doctrine, and was established by the court to clarify the legality of re-sold books in used bookstores.
Some countries may have parallel import restrictions that allow copyright holders to control the aftermarket market. This may mean, for example, that a copy of a book that does not infringe copyright in the country it is printing infringes copyright in the country where it is imported for retail. The first sales doctrine is known as fatigue rights in other countries and is a principle that also applies, albeit somewhat differently, to patents and trademark rights. It is important to note that the first sales doctrine allows the transfer of certain valid copies involved. It does not allow the creation or distribution of additional copies.
In Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & amp; Sons, Inc. , in 2013, the United States Supreme Court held a 6-3 decision that the first sales doctrine applies to goods produced abroad with the permission of the copyright owner and then imported into the US without such permission. This case involves a claimant who imports an edition of an Asian textbook that has been produced abroad with the permission of the plaintiffs. The defendant, without the permission of the publisher, imports the textbook and resells it on eBay. The ownership of the Supreme Court severely limits the ability of copyright holders to prevent such imports.
Additionally, copyright, in most cases, does not prohibit anyone from acts such as modifying, destroying or destroying copies of their own copyrighted work, provided duplication is excluded. However, in countries that exercise moral rights, copyright holders may in some cases prevent the destruction or destruction of a work publicly visible.
Fair use and fair sale
Copyright does not prohibit all copying or replication. In the United States, the doctrine of fair use, codified by the Copyright Act of 1976 as 17 U.S.C. Article 107, allows for unauthorized copying and distribution from the same copyright or payment holders. The law does not clearly define fair use, but provides four non-exclusive factors to consider in a fair use analysis. These factors are:
- the purpose and character of someone's use
- the nature of the copyrighted work what is the amount and proportion of the overall work taken, and
- the effects of use on potential markets for or the value of copyrighted work.
In the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth countries, similar ideas about fair trade are established by courts or by law. This concept is sometimes not well defined; but in Canada, personal copying for personal use has been expressly permitted by law since 1999. In Alberta (Education) v. The Canadian Copyright License Agency (Copyrights Access) , 2012 SCC 37, the Supreme Court of Canada concludes that limited copying for educational purposes may also be justified under fair trade liberalization. In Australia, a fair trade exception under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) is a set of limited circumstances in which copyrighted material may be copied or legally adapted without the consent of the copyright holder. Fair use of transactions is research and study; reviews and criticisms; news reporting and providing professional advice (ie legal advice). Under current Australian law, although it is still a copyright infringement to copy, reproduce or adapt copyrighted materials for personal or private use without the permission of the copyright owner, the owner of a valid copy is permitted to "reformat shifts" that function from one medium to another for personal, personal use, or to "change the time" of a broadcast for later, once and only once, see or listen. Other technical exceptions to the violation may also apply, such as temporary reproduction of a work in machine-readable form for the computer.
In the United States, the AHRA (Audio Home Recording Act codified in Sections 10, 1992) prohibits actions against consumers who make non-commercial music recordings, in return for royalties on media and devices plus a mandatory copy-control mechanism on recorders.
- Section 1008. Restrictions on specific offense actions
- No action can be made under this title alleging copyright infringement based on the manufacture, import, or distribution of digital audio recording devices, digital audio recording media, analog device recording, or analog recording media, or based on noncommercial use by consumers of such devices or media to make digital music recordings or analog music recordings.
The action will be amended by U.S. copyright law so that for a specific purpose make 10 copies or more interpreted to be commercial, but there is no general rule that allows such copying. Indeed, making a full copy of a work, or in most cases using some of it, for commercial purposes will not be considered fair use. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act prohibits the manufacture, import, or distribution of devices intended for use, or only significant commercial use, is to bypass the access or control of copies imposed by the copyright owner. The appeals court has stated that fair use is not a defense to engage in such a distribution.
Copyright directives allow EU member states to apply a set of exceptions for copyright. Examples of such exceptions are:
- reproductions of photographs on paper or similar media of works (not including sheet music) provided that the right holder receives fair compensation,
- reproductions made by libraries, educational institutions, museums or archives, which are non-commercial
- reproduction of broadcast archive,
- is used for the benefit of people with disabilities,
- for demonstration or repair of equipment,
- for non-commercial research or private studies
- when used in parody
Accessible copy
It is legal in some countries including the United Kingdom and the United States to produce alternative versions (for example, in large prints or braille) of copyrighted works to provide better access to jobs for the blind and visually impaired persons without the permission of the copyright holder.
Transfer, assignment and permissions
The copyright, or its aspects (such as reproduction only, all except moral rights), may be assigned or transferred from one party to another. For example, a musician who records an album will often sign an agreement with a recording company where the musician agrees to transfer all copyrights in the recording in exchange for royalties and other considerations. The creator (and original copyright holder) benefits, or expects for, from production and marketing abilities far beyond those of the author. In the digital age of music, music can be copied and distributed at minimal cost through the Internet; However, the recording industry strives to provide promotion and marketing for the artist and his work so as to reach a much larger audience. The copyright holder does not need to transfer all rights completely, although many publishers will insist. Some rights may be transferred, or the copyright holder may grant a non-exclusive license to another party to copy or distribute the work in a particular area or for a specified period of time.
Transfers or licenses may have to meet certain formal requirements to be effective, for example under the Australian Copyright Act 1968, the copyright itself must be in writing in writing. Under the U.S. Copyright Act, transfer of ownership of copyright must be enshrined in the writings signed by the switcher. For that reason, copyright ownership includes an exclusive rights license. So the exclusive license, to be effective, must be given in a written instrument signed by the giver. No special transfers or grants are required. A simple document that identifies the work involved and the rights granted is sufficient. Non-exclusive grants (often called non-exclusive licenses) are not required in writing under U.S. law. They can be verbal or even implied by the behavior of the parties. Transfer of copyright ownership, including an exclusive license, may and should be recorded in the US Office of Human Rights. (Information on recording transfers is available on the Office website.) Although recording is not required to make an effective grant, it offers important benefits, as earned by noting the deed in a real estate transaction.
Copyright can also be licensed. Some jurisdictions may provide that certain classes of copyrighted works are provided under a designated license of the law (eg works of music in the United States used for radio broadcasts or performances). This is also called compulsory licensing, because according to this scheme, anyone who wants to copy a work covered does not require the permission of the copyright holder but only filed the appropriate notice and paid the fees set by law (or by agency decision based on legal guidance) for each copy made. Failure to follow proper procedures will place the copier on the risk of a lawsuit violation. Because of the difficulty of following each individual work, collecting copyright or collecting communities and conducting rights organizations (such as ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC) have been established to collect royalties for hundreds (thousands and more) jobs at once. Although this market solution passes through legislation, the availability of legal fees still helps determine the price per job charged by collective rights organizations, pushing it into what avoids procedural complexity will justify.
Free license
A copyright license known as open or a free license seeks to grant some rights to the licensees, whether for a fee or not, to securities inspired by the public domain. Free in this context is not much of a reference to prices like freedom. What constitutes free licensing has been characterized in a number of similar definitions, including the length of the definition of Free Software, Debian Free Software Guide, Open Source Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works. Further improvements to this license have resulted in categories such as copyleft and permissiveness. Common examples of free licenses are the GNU General Public License, the BSD license and some Creative Commons licenses.
Founded in 2001 by James Boyle, Lawrence Lessig, and Hal Abelson, Creative Commons (CC) is a non-profit organization that aims to facilitate a legally creative division of labor. To this end, the organization provides a number of free, publicly licensed copyright licensing options. This license allows copyright holders to determine the conditions under which others may use the work and determine what kind of usage is acceptable.
Terms of use are traditionally negotiated individually between the copyright holder and the potential license holder. Therefore, a general CC license that outlines which rights the copyright holder is willing to allow allows the general public to use the works more freely. There are six common types of CC licenses available (although some of them are not completely free according to the above definitions and as recommended by Creative Commons). It is based on the provisions of the copyright holder as to whether he is willing to allow modifications to the work, whether he allows the making of derivative works and whether he is willing to permit the commercial use of the work. In 2009 about 130 million people have received the license.
Criticism
Some sources are very critical of certain aspects of the copyright system. This is known as the debate over copynorms. Particularly with the background of uploading content to the internet platform and digital exchange of original works, there is a discussion of copyright aspects of downloading and streaming, copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing.
The interests of major internet platform providers such as Google, Amazon, Facebook or Microsoft, partly depend on users who upload content for free to their servers, collide with original creators and rights holders, both big, such as Sony, Getty Images, Warner Bros, Elsevier, Springer and small, such as local bands, national newspapers, and tv channels. In Germany, the national public organization GEMA, which collects copyright fees for composite experts, copywriters and music publishers, won a legal battle with Google over payments for songs published on YouTube.
Concerns are often written in digital rights, digital freedom, database rights, open data or censorship. Discussions include Free Culture , 2004 book by Lawrence Lessig. Lessig creates a long-term culture to describe the worst case system. Bad Copy of Good Copy (documentary) and RiP!: Removal manifest, discuss copyright. Some suggest alternative compensation systems. In Europe, consumers are acting against the rising costs of music, movies and books, political parties have grown from it, The Pirates . Some groups reject copyright altogether, taking anti-copyright attitudes. The perceived inability to enforce online copyright causes some people to advocate ignoring the law when on the web.
Public domain
Copyright, like any other intellectual property rights, is subject to the conditions prescribed by law. After the copyright period has expired, previously copyrighted works enter the public domain and may be used or freely exploited by anyone. Courts in common law countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have rejected the general legal copyright doctrine. Public domain jobs should not be confused with publicly available works. Jobs posted on the internet, for example, are publicly available, but generally not in the public domain. Copying such work may infringe on the author's copyright.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Related Quotes Copyright on Wikiquote
- Media related to Copyright on Wikimedia Commons
- Copyright in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- WIPOLex from WIPO; global database of agreements and laws relating to intellectual property
- Copyright Convention of Bern: List of Countries List of 164 members of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works
- Education
- https://copyrightcortex.org/
- Bibliography on the Origins of Copyright and Droit d'Auteur
- MIT OpenCourseWare 6.912 Introduction to the Copyright Act Free self-study courses with video lectures such as those offered during January 2006, the Independent Activity Period (IAP)
- US
- United States Document Copyright Law, US Government
- Summary of Copyright Practices (3rd ed.). United States Copyright Office
- Copyright from UCB GovPubs Library
- Preliminary Copyright Notes From Endangered Books and Special Collection Divisions at the Library of Congress
- English
- About Copyright at UK Intellectual Property Office
- UK Copyright factsheet (April 2000) a brief introduction to the copyright law of England
- IPR Devices - Overview, Main Issues, and Toolkit Elements (September 2009) by Professors Charles Oppenheim and Naomi Korn in the Strategic Content Alliance
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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