German culture has reached the whole German speaking world. From its roots, culture in Germany has been shaped by the main intellectual and popular flows in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker (the country of poets and thinkers).
There are a number of public holidays in Germany. The country is famous for its traditional Oktoberfest celebrations in Munich, a carnival culture and a globally influential Christmas custom known as Weihnachten. October 3 has been Germany's national day since 1990, celebrated as Germany's Day of Unity ( Tag der Deutschen Einheit ). UNESCO wrote 38 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List.
Germany is the second most respected country in the world among 50 countries by 2013. A global poll for the BBC reveals that Germany is recognized to have the most positive influence in the world in 2011, 2013 and 2014.
Video Culture of Germany
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Maps Culture of Germany
Language
German is the official spoken language and dominant in Germany. It is one of 23 official languages ​​in the European Union, and one of the three working languages ​​of the European Commission, together with English and French. The recognized indigenous minority languages ​​in Germany are Danish, Sorbian, Northern Frisian and Frisian Saterland. They are officially protected by ECRML. The most widely used immigrant languages ​​are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, Balkan, and Russian.
Standard German is Western Germanic and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Dutch, and Frisian. To a lesser extent, it is also associated with Eastern language (extinction) and Northern German language. Most German vocabulary comes from the German branch of the Indo-European language family. Minority of significant words comes from Latin and Greek, with a smaller number of French and last English (known as Denglisch). The Germans are written using the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, Germany has three vowels with Umlaut, namely ÃÆ'¤, ÃÆ'¶, and ÃÆ'¼, as well as Eszett or scharfes S ( sharp ) written "ÃÆ'Ÿ".
The German dialect is distinguished from the German standard varieties. The German dialect is a traditional local varieties and traced back to different German tribes. Many of them are not easily understood by a standard German speaker, as they often differ in lexicon, phonology, and syntax.
Worldwide, Germany has about 100 million native speakers and also about 80 million native speakers. German is the main language of about 90 million people (18%) in the European Union. 67% of Germans claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language, 27% in at least two languages ​​other than the first.
In the German diaspora, the German cultural aspect is passed on to the younger generation through the naming of customs and through the use of oral and written German language. Goethe Institute is trying to spread knowledge about German culture around the world.
Culture Map Germany
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German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages, with the most prominent writers of the time being Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. The Nibelungenlied , whose author is still unknown, is also an important work of the times, as well as Thridrekssaga . The collection of fairy tales collected and published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century became famous all over the world.
The theologian Luther, who translated the Bible into German, is widely credited for setting the basis for modern Modern German. Among the most admired German poets and authors are Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Hoffmann, Brecht, Heine and Schmidt. Nine Germans have won the Nobel Prize in literature: Theodor Mommsen, Paul von Heyse, Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Nelly Sachs, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich BÃÆ'¶ll, GÃÆ'¼nter Grass, and Herta MÃÆ'¼ller.
Philosophy
The emergence of the modern natural sciences and the decline of related religions raises a series of questions, reappearing throughout German philosophy, of the relationship between knowledge and faith, reason and emotion, and the scientific, ethical, and artistic ways of looking at the world.
The German philosophy has helped shape western philosophy since the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played a central role in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche and German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Marx and Engels developed communist theories in the second half of the nineteenth century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals are also influential in sociology, especially Adorno, Elias, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Marcuse, Simmel, TÃÆ'¶nnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin was founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt as an influential model for a number of modern western universities.
In the 21st century Germany has become an important country for the development of contemporary analytic philosophy in continental Europe, along with France, Austria, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries.
Music
In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most famous classical composers in the world including Bach and Beethoven, which marks the transition between the Classical and Romantic era in Western classical music. Other composers from the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, HÃÆ'¤ndel, Schumann, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently. , Henze, Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.
Germany is the largest music market in Europe, and the third largest in the world. It has a strong influence on techno and rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artists such as Herbert GrÃÆ'¶nemeyer, Scorpion, Blind Guardian, Rammstein, Nena, Xavier Naidoo, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. The German musicians and, in particular, pioneering bands Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk also contributed to the development of electronic music.
Music Populer Jerman pada abad ke-20 dan ke-21 meliputi gerakan New Deutsche Welle (Nena, Alphaville), Ostrock (Kota, germ-time), Metal/Rock, Punk (Nina Hagen, Theophony Onkelz, The ÃÆ'Â ¸ doctors, Die Toten Hosen), Pop rock (Beatsteaks), Indie (Tocotronic, Blumfeld) dan Hip Hop (Die Fantastischen Vier, Deichkind). Trendsetter global adalah adegan Minimal dan Techno Jerman (misalnya Ricardo Villalobos, Paul Kalkbrenner, dan Sven Vath).
Germany hosts many major rock music festivals each year. The Rock am Ring Festival is the biggest music festival in Germany, and one of the largest in the world. German artists also made a large percentage of the industry's musical acts, called Neue Deutsche HÃÆ'¤rte. Germany hosts some of the biggest Goth scenes and festivals around the world, with shows like Wave-Gotik-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival easily attracting up to 30,000 people. In addition, the country hosts Wacken Open Air, the largest open-air heavy metal festival in the world.
Since about 1970, Germany once again has a growing popular culture, is now increasingly led by the new capital Berlin, and music and art of confidence. Germany is also well known for its many famous opera houses, such as Semperoper, Komische Oper Berlin and the Munich State Theater. Richard Wagner founded Bayreuth Festspielhaus.
One of the most famous composers of the international film business is Hans Zimmer.
Movies
German cinema dates back to the early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was very influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Austrian director Fritz Lang, who became a German citizen in 1926 and whose career developed in the German film industry before the war, is said to have been a major influence in Hollywood cinema. The film usually, Metropolis (1927) referred to as the birth of the film Modern Science Fiction. Founded in 1912, Babelsberg Film Studio is the oldest large-scale movie studio in the world.
In 1930, Josef von Sternberg directed The Blue Angel , which was the first major German sound film and brought world fame to actress Marlene Dietrich. The Impressionist Berlin documentary: Symphony of a Great City, directed by Walter Ruttmann, is a prominent example of the city's symphonic genre. The Nazi Era mostly produces propaganda films though the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduces a new aesthetic for the film.
During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker SchlÃÆ'¶ororff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West German cinema back on the international stage with their provocative films.
Recently, movies like Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004), Der Untergang (Fall) (2004), and Der Baader Meinhof Komplex (2008) has enjoyed international success.
The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to German production of Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum) in 1979, to Nowhere in Africa in 2002, and for Das Leben der Anderen (Life of Others) in 2007. Among the most famous German actors are Marlene Dietrich, Klaus Kinski, Hanna Schygulla, Armin Mueller-Stahl, JÃÆ'¼rgen Prochnow, Thomas Kretschmann, Til Schweiger and Daniel BrÃÆ'¼hl.
The Berlin Film Festival, held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals. International juries place emphasis on representative films from around the world and rewards winners with Golden and Silver Bears. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every second year in Berlin, where the European Film Academy (EFA) is located. Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam is the world's oldest large-scale movie studios and center for international film production.
Media
The German television market is the largest in Europe, with 34 million TV households. Many regional and national public broadcasters are organized according to the federal political structure. About 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, and viewers can choose from a variety of commercial and public channels that are free to view. Pay TV services have not become popular or successful while public TV broadcasters ZDF and ARD offer a variety of digital only channels.
Germany is home to some of the largest media conglomerates in the world, including Bertelsmann, Axel Springer AG and ProSiebenSat.1 Media.
German book publishers generate about 700 million books annually, with around 80,000 titles, nearly 60,000 of them new publications. Germany is in third place in international statistics after the English-language book market and People's Republic of China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is considered the most important book fair in the world for international trade and commerce and has a tradition that spans over 500 years.
Many of the best-selling newspapers and magazines in Europe are manufactured in Germany. The highest circulation papers are Die Zeit , SÃÆ'¼ddeutsche Zeitung , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt , the largest magazines included Der Spiegel , Stern and Focus . The Bild is the tabloid and has the largest circulation of all German newspapers.
Architecture
The architectural contributions of Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, important precursors of Romanesque. The region then produces important works in styles such as Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque.
This nation was particularly important in the early modern movement through the Deutscher Werkbund and Bauhaus movements identified with Walter Gropius. The Nazis closed these movements and favored the kind of neo-classicism. Since post-World War II modern structures have been built. Since the reunification of Germany, the trend continues. The contemporary architecture of Germany is not internationally recycled and therefore rarely can set aesthetic standards.
Art
German art has a long and distinct tradition in visual art, from the earliest figurative artwork to its contemporary art output.
Important German Renaissance painters include Albrecht Altdorfer, Lucas Elder Cranach, Matthias GrÃÆ'¼newald, Hans Holbein the Younger and the famous Albrecht DÃÆ'¼rer. The most important Baroque artist from Germany is Cosmas Damian Asam. Further artists are painter Anselm Kiefer, romantic Caspar David Friedrich, surrealist Max Ernst, the conceptualist Joseph Beuys, or Wolf Vostell or Georgeselitz with neo-expressionist faces.
Religion
59.4% of the population of Germany includes Christian denominations: 30% are Roman Catholics, and 29% are affiliated with Protestants (the numbers are accurately known because Germany imposes a church tax on those expressing religious affiliation).
North and East dominated Protestant, Southern and West dominated Catholics. Currently there are non-religious majority in Hamburg and former East Germany countries. Germany, at one point, almost as a whole in the Roman Holy Roman Catholic Empire, but also a source of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther.
Historically, Germany has a substantial Jewish population. Only a few thousand Jewish people live in Germany after the Holocaust, but the German Jewish community now has about 100,000 members, many from the former Soviet Union. Germany also has a substantial Muslim minority, mostly from Turkey.
The German theologians include Luther, Melanchthon, Schleiermacher, Feuerbach, and Rudolf Otto. Also Germany is the origin of many mystics including Meister Eckhart, Rudolf Steiner, and Jakob Boehme; and from Pope Benedict XVI.
Science
Germany has been home to many famous inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited with the invention of the type of mobile printing in Europe; Hans Geiger, creator of Geiger counters; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first computer. German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Zeppelin, Daimler, Diesel, Otto, Wankel, von Braun and Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transport technologies including the beginning of space travel.
The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck is crucial to the foundations of modern physics, developed by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrüdinger. They were preceded by key physicists such as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad RÃÆ'¶ntgen discovered X rays, an achievement that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla Temple for "respectable Germans and gentlemen", featured a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg. , in Bavaria.
Germany is home to some of the best academic centers in Europe. Some famous universities include the University of Munich and Berlin, the University of TÃÆ'¼bingen, the University of GÃÆ'¶ttingen, the University of Marburg, the University of Berlin, the Freiberg Mining Academy and the University of Freiburg, among many others. In addition, Ruprecht-Karls-UniversitÃÆ'¤t Heidelberg is one of the oldest universities in Europe.
Fashion and design
German designers are modern product design leaders, with Bauhaus designers such as Mies van der Rohe, and Dieter Rams of Braun becoming important.
Germany is a leading country in the fashion industry. The German textile industry comprises about 1,300 companies with more than 130,000 employees in 2010, generating revenues of 28 billion Euros. Nearly 44 percent of the products are exported. Textile branch is the second largest consumer goods producer after food production in the country. Berlin is a young and creative fashion center in Germany, clearly displayed at Berlin Fashion Week (twice a year). It also hosts the largest trade show in Europe called Bread & amp; Butter.
Munich, Hamburg and DÃÆ'¼sseldorf are also important design and production centers of the German fashion industry, among smaller cities. Renowned fashion designers from Germany include Karl Lagerfeld, Jil Sander, Wolfgang Joop, Philipp Plein and Michael Michalsky. Important brands include Hugo Boss, Escada and Triumph, as well as special outfitters like Adidas, PUMA and Jack Wolfskin. German Supermodel Claudia Schiffer, Heidi Klum, Tatjana Patitz and Nadja Auermann achieve global fame.
Cuisine
German cuisine varies from region to region. The southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia, for example, share a culinary culture with Switzerland and Austria. Pork, beef and poultry are the main varieties of meat consumed in Germany; pork is the most popular. Across the region, meat is often eaten in the form of sausages. More than 1500 kinds of sausages are produced in Germany. Organic food has gained a market share of about 3.0%, and this is predicted to increase further.
Popular German words mean: "Breakfast is like an emperor, having lunch like a king, and eating like a beggar." Breakfast is usually a choice of bread and rolls rolls with jam and honey or cold cuts and cheeses, sometimes accompanied by boiled eggs. Cereal or muesli with milk or yogurt is less common but widespread. More than 300 types of bread are sold in bakeries across the country. Sometimes, more traditional and warmer breakfasts, such as Bavarian "Brotzeit" with Weisswurst, Sweet Mustard, and Wheat beer, or BauernfrÃÆ'¼hstÃÆ'¼ck are also popular.
As a country with many immigrants, Germany has adopted many international dishes into the cuisine and daily eating habits. Italian dishes such as pizza and pasta, Turkish and Arabic dishes such as dÃÆ'¶ner kebabs and falafel, are well established, especially in the big cities. The international burger chain, as well as Chinese and Greek restaurants, is widespread. Indian, Thai, Japanese and other Asian cuisines have gained popularity in recent decades. Among the famous restaurants in Germany, the Michelin guide has provided nine three-star restaurants, the highest designation, while the other 15 received two stars. The German restaurant has become the second most decorated restaurant in the world after France.
Although German wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, the national alcoholic beverage is beer. German beer consumption per person decreased but - at 116 liters per year - is still among the highest in the world. Beer varieties include Alt, Bock, Dunkel, KÃÆ'¶lsch, Lager, Malzbier, Pils, and Weizenbier. Among the 18 western countries surveyed, Germany ranked 14th on the list of per capita soft drink consumption in general, while ranking third in fruit juice consumption. Furthermore, carbonated mineral water and Schorle (mixed with fruit juice or wine) are very popular in Germany.
Gaming
Germany is filled with the inventors of board games, also known as Eurogames, which are played around the world. Popular games include The Settlers of Catan, which features hexagonal source tiles that generate resources according to the roll of two dice, and Carcassonne with randomly drawn square tiles that eventually create medieval maps and notability for the meeples. The passion for the new game continues with Puerto Rico, Ticket to Ride, and Alhambra. In 2008, Germany imported the popular Dominion board game from the US. Today, Germany publishes more board games than any other country per capita.
The German video game market is one of the largest in the world. The Gamescom in Cologne is the world's leading game convention. Popular game series from Germany include Turrican , Anno Series, The Settlers , Gothic series , SpellForce , series X , series FIFA Manager , Far Cry and Crysis . The most relevant developers and game publishers are Blue Byte, Crytek, Deck13, Deep Silver, Entertainment Daedalic, Egosoft, Kalypso Media, Koch Media, Piranha Bytes, Related Designs, and Yager Developments. Bigpoint, Gameforge, Goodgame, Quake III Arena/Defrag and Wooga are the leading online and social game developers.
Sports
Exercise forms an integral part of German life. 27,000,000 Germans are members of a sports club and an additional 12,000,000 do such activities one by one. Football football is the most popular sport. With more than 6,300,000 official members, the German Football Association ( Deutscher FuÃÆ'Ÿball-Bund ) is the world's largest sports organization. The Bundesliga attracts the average of the second highest attendance of any professional sports league in the world. The German national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990 and 2014 as well as the UEFA European Football Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Football Championship on 1988 Among the most successful and famous football players are: Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd MÃÆ'¼ller, JÃÆ'¼rgen Klinsmann, Lothar Matthausus, and Oliver Kahn. Other popular audiences include handball, volleyball, basketball, ice hockey, and tennis.
Germany is one of the leading motor sport countries in the world. Cars, teams, and race-winning racers are from Germany. The most successful Formula One racer in history, Michael Schumacher, has set many significant motorsport records during his career, having won more Formula One World Driver Championships and more Formula One races than any other rider since his Formula One debut season in 1950. is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history and a billionaire athlete. Constructors such as BMW and Mercedes are one of the leading manufacturers in motorsport. In addition, Porsche has won 24 Hours of Le Mans, the prestigious annual prestigious race held in France, 16 times, and Audi has won it 9 times. Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters is a popular series in Germany.
Historically, German sportsmen have become one of the most successful competitors in the Olympics, ranking third in Olympic medals, combining East and West German Medals. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Germany finished fifth in the medal, while at the 2006 Winter Olympics they finished first. Germany has hosted the Summer Olympics twice, in Berlin in 1936 and in Munich in 1972. The Winter Olympics took place in Germany once in 1936 when they were staged in the twin cities of Garmisch and Partenkirchen in Bavaria.
Society
Germany is an advanced modern society, shaped by a plurality of lifestyles and regional identity. The country has established a high level of gender equality, promotes the rights of persons with disabilities, and is legally and socially tolerant of homosexuals. Gay and lesbians can legitimately adopt their partner's biological child, and civil unions have been allowed since 2001. Former foreign minister Guido Westerwelle and former Berlin mayor Klaus Wowereit are openly gay.
During the last decades of the twentieth century, Germany's attitude toward immigrants changed. Until the mid-1990s, widespread opinions that Germany is not an immigration country, although about 20% of the population is not from Germany. Currently the government and the majority of German society recognize that immigrants from diverse ethnocultural backgrounds are part of German society and that controlled immigration should begin on the basis of qualification standards.
Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, internal and external evaluations of Germany's national image have changed. In the annual survey of the annual World Brand Index, Germany became significant and repeatedly ranked higher after the tournament. People in 20 different countries assess the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its appeal to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the second most cherished country in the world among 50 countries in 2010. Another global poll, for the BBC, reveals that Germany is recognized for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. The majority of 59% have a positive outlook. state, while 14% have a negative outlook.
With spending of EUR67 billion on international travel in 2008, Germany spends more money on travel than any other country. The most visited destinations are Spain, Italy, and Austria.
Gallery
See also
- German Forest
- Goethe-Institut
- Prussian Virtue
- Public holiday in Germany
- German folklore
- Weihnachten
- Oktoberfest
- List of museums in Germany
References
External links
- Facts about Germany: culture
- German Mission in the United States: Culture, Sports & amp; Events
- Goethe Institute
Article source: Wikipedia
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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