Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, including online advertising technologies, search engines, cloud computing, software, and hardware. Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of their shares and control 56 percent of the shareholders' voting rights through stock supervision. They entered Google as a private company on September 4, 1998. The initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, dubbed the Googleplex. In August 2015, Google announced plans to rearrange its interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet, will continue to be an umbrella company for Internet Alphabet interests. After completing the restructuring, Sundar Pichai was appointed as Google's CEO, replacing Larry Page, who became CEO of the Alphabet.
The company's rapid growth since the merger has triggered product chains, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Google's core search engine (Google Search). It offers services designed for work and productivity (Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides), email (Gmail/Inbox), scheduling and time management (Google Calendar), cloud storage (Google Drive), social networking (Google), instant messaging and video chat (Google Allo/Duo/Hangouts), language translation (Google Translate), mapping and turn-by-turn navigation (Google Maps/Waze/Earth/Street View), video sharing (YouTube), logging (Google Keep), and organizing and editing photos (Google Photos). The company leads the development of Android's mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser. Google has increasingly turned to hardware; from 2010 to 2015, he partnered with major electronics manufacturers in the production of his Nexus device, and in October 2016, he released several hardware products (including Google Pixel smartphones, Home smart speakers, Wifi mesh wireless routers and Daydream View virtual reality headset ). The new hardware head, Rick Osterloh, states: "The many innovations we want to do now ultimately require controlling end-to-end user experience". Google is also experimenting with being an Internet operator. In February 2010, announced Google Fiber, a fiber optic infrastructure installed in Kansas City; in April 2015, it launched Project Fi in the United States, combining Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different providers; and in 2016, Google announced Google Station initiatives to provide public Wi-Fi worldwide, with initial placement in India.
Alexa, the company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world. Some other Google services are also included in the 100 most visited websites, including YouTube and Blogger. Google is the most valuable brand in the world by 2017, but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy issues, tax avoidance, antitrust, censorship, and search neutrality. Google's mission statement, from the beginning, is "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful", and the unofficial slogan is "Do not be evil". In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the corporate code of ethics Alphabet with the phrase "Do the right thing" , while the original is retained in Google's code of ethics. Around May 2018, the slogan was removed secretly from the code clause, leaving only one general reference in its last paragraph.
Video Google
Histori
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California.
While conventional search engines rank results by counting the number of times a search term appears on a page, both theorize about a better system that analyzes relationships between websites. They call this PageRank a new technology; it determines the relevance of the website to the number of pages, and the importance of pages linking back to the original site.
Page and Brin were originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Finally, they changed their name to Google; the search engine name comes from misspellings of the word "googol", the number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which is chosen to indicate that the search engine was meant to provide a large amount of information. Initially, Google runs under the Stanford University website, with the domain google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu .
The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997, and the company was founded on September 4, 1998. It was based in a friend's garage (Susan Wojcicki) in Menlo Park, California. Craig Silverstein, a PhD student at Stanford, was hired as first employee.
Google was originally funded by a $ 100,000 contribution in August 1998 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems; the money was given before Google was entered. Google received money from three other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com Founder Jeff Bezos, professor of computer science at Stanford University David Cheriton, and businessman Ram Shriram.
After some additional, small investment until the end of 1998 to early 1999, a new $ 25 million fund was announced on June 7, 1999, with large investors including venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.
Beginning in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to CEO of Excite George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $ 1 million. He declined the offer. Vinod Khosla, one of Excite's venture capitalists, talked the duo up to $ 750,000, but Bell still refused.
Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together on Google for 20 years, until 2024.
At the IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $ 85 per share. Shares are sold in online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal. Sales of $ 1.67 billion (billion) gave Google a market capitalization of over $ 23 billion. By January 2014, its market capitalization has grown to $ 397bn. Most of the 271 million shares remain under Google's control, and many Google employees become instant paper millionaires. Yahoo !, a Google competitor, also benefited from having 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place.
There are concerns that Google's IPO will cause a change in corporate culture. The reasons range from shareholder pressure to the reduction of employee benefits to the fact that many corporate executives will become instant paper millionaires. In response to this concern, founders Brin and Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the corporate culture. In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began to show that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy. In an effort to preserve the company's unique culture, Google appointed Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as Director of Human Resources. The goal of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and sustain a culture and work on ways to stay true to the core values ​​established by the company: a flat organization with a collaborative environment. Google also faces allegations of sexism and the ageism of former employees. In 2013, class actions against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, were filed for "no cold call" charges that held the recruitment of high-tech employees.
Stock performed well after the IPO, with stocks reaching $ 350 for the first time on October 31, 2007, primarily due to strong sales and revenue in the online advertising market. Stock price spikes are triggered mainly by individual investors, compared with large institutional investors and mutual funds. GOOG shares are divided into GOOG class C shares and GOOGL class A shares. The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. This ticker symbol now refers to Alphabet Inc., Google's parent company, since the fourth quarter of 2015.
Growth
In March 1999, the company moved its office to Palo Alto, California, which is home to some of Silicon Valley's leading technology companies. The following year, Google began selling ads related to search keywords against Page and Brin's early contrast to search engines funded by advertising. To maintain a neat page design, ads are only text-based.
This keyword ad sales model was first spearheaded by Goto.com, an Idealab spin-off created by Bill Gross. When the company changed its name to Overture Services, Google sued alleged patent pay-per-click patents and company offerings. Overture services will be purchased by Yahoo! and renamed to Yahoo! Search Marketing. This case was then settled out of court; Google agrees to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for perpetual licenses.
In 2001, Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism. The patent is officially assigned to Stanford University and includes Lawrence Page as its discoverer. In 2003, after surpassing two other locations, the company rented an office complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheater Parkway in Mountain View, California. This complex is known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by zero googol. The Googleplex interior is designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $ 319 million. At that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to add to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary i>, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet". The first use of "Google" as a verb in pop culture occurred on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series, in 2002.
In 2005, The Washington Post reported a 700 percent increase in third-quarter earnings for Google, primarily thanks to large companies that shifted their advertising strategy from newspapers, magazines and television to the Internet. In January 2008, all data passing through Google's MapReduce software component had a combined size of 20 petabytes per day. In 2009, a CNN report on the top political search of 2009 noted that "over a billion searches" were typed into Google every day. As of May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google exceeded one billion for the first time, an increase of 8.4 percent from May 2010 (931 million).
2012 is the first time Google generates $ 50 billion in annual revenue, generating $ 38 billion the year before. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong quarter... Revenue was up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter and we reached $ 50 billion in revenue for the first time last year - not a bad performance in just a decade and a half. "
2013 and beyond
Google announces the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19, 2013, to be led by the chairman of Apple, Inc. Arthur Levinson. In an official statement, Page explains that the company's "health and well-being" will focus on "the challenges of aging and related illness".
Google celebrates its 15th anniversary on September 27, 2013, and in 2016 celebrates its 18th anniversary with animated Doodles displayed on web browsers around the world. despite having used another date for his official birthday. The reasons for the 27 September election are still unclear, and disagreements with competing search engines Yahoo! Search in 2005 has been suggested as the cause.
Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) launched in October 2013; Google is part of a coalition of public and private organizations that also includes Facebook, Intel, and Microsoft. Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is expanded in developing countries, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help reduce the price of internet access so that they fall under the UN World Broadband Commission target of 5% of monthly income.
The company's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 of $ 14.89 billion, an increase of 12 percent over the previous quarter. Google Internet Business is responsible for $ 10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of user clicks on ads.
According to Interbrand's annual Global Brands annual report, Google has become the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, with an assessment of $ 133 billion.
In September 2015, Google's engineering manager, Rachel Potvin, revealed details about Google's software code at an engineering conference. He revealed that the entire Google code base, which spans every service it develops, consists of over 2 billion lines of code. All of the code is stored in the code repository available to all 25,000 Google technicians, and this code is regularly copied and updated in 10 Google data centers. To maintain control, Potvin says Google has built its own "version control system", called "Piper", and that "when you start a new project, you have many libraries already available to you.Almost everything has been done." single code changes and apply them across all services at the same time. The only major exception is that the PageRank search result algorithm is stored separately only with certain employee access, and the code for the Android operating system and Google Chrome browser is also stored separately, as it does not run on the Internet. The "Piper" system reaches 85 TB of data. Google engineers make 25,000 changes to the code every day and each week converts around 15 million lines of code across 250,000 files. With that code, automatic bot should help. Potvin reports, "You need to make a concerted effort to maintain the health of the code, and it's not just people who maintain code health, but also robots." Bot does not write code, but it generates a lot of data and configuration files needed to run enterprise software. "Not only is the size of the repository increasing," Potvin explains, "but the rate of change also increases, it's an exponential curve."
As of October 2016, Google operates 70 offices in over 40 countries. Alexa, the company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world. Some other Google services are also included in the 100 most visited websites, including YouTube and Blogger.
Acquisitions and partnerships
2000-2009
In 2001, Google acquired Deja News, the operator of large archival materials from Usenet. Google changed the name of the archive as a Google Group, and by the end of the year, it has expanded its history back to 1981.
In April 2003, Google acquired Applied Semantics, a company specializing in creating software applications for online ad space. AdSense contextual advertising technology developed by Applied Semantics was adopted into Google's advertising efforts.
In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole, Inc. Keyhole's eponymous product was later renamed Google Earth.
In April 2005, Google acquired Urchin Software, using the Urchin on Demand product (along with ideas from Adaptive Path's Measure Map) to create Google Analytics in 2006.
In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired YouTube video-sharing site for $ 1.65 billion in Google shares, and the deal was finalized on 13 November 2006.
On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $ 3.1 billion, transferring to Google's valuable relationship owned by DoubleClick with Web publishers and agencies. The deal was approved despite anti-trust fears raised by Microsoft and AT & T competitors.
In addition to many companies purchased by Google, the company has partnered with other organizations for research, advertising, and other activities. In 2005, Google partnered with the NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m 2 ) offices.
In 2005 Google partnered with AOL to improve its video search service. In 2006, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation signed a $ 900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site MySpace.
In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, replacing former AOL sponsors. NORAD Tracks Santa admitted following the development of Santa Claus on Christmas Eve, using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time.
In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite that provides Google with high resolution images (0.41 m single color, 1.65 m colors) for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008. Google also announced in 2008 that it hosted the Life Magazine archive '.
2010-present
In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in renewable energy projects, placing $ 38.8 million in two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced two sites would generate 169.5 megawatts of electricity, enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farm, developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce the use of fossil fuels in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google shares twenty percent in the project to raise funds for its development. In February 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC gave Google authorization to buy and sell energy at market prices. The order specifically states that Google Energy - a subsidiary of Google - holds the rights "for the sale of energy, capacity, and additional services at market-based prices," but acknowledges that neither Google Energy nor its affiliates "own or control every generation or transmission" of the facility. The Corporation carries out this authorization in September 2013 when it announces it will buy all the electricity generated by the 240-me-built Happy Hereford wind farm.
Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norwegian-based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition allows Google to add phone-style services to its product list. On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had closed the acquisition of AdMob mobile ad network. This comes a few days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase. Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount. In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with Iowa wind farms to purchase 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years.
On April 4, 2011, The Globe and Mail reported that Google offered $ 900 million for 6000 Nortel Networks patents.
On August 15, 2011, Google made its biggest acquisition to date when it announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility for $ 12.5 billion subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe. In a post on Google's blog, Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that the acquisition is a strategic move to strengthen Google's patent portfolio. The company's Android operating system has come under fire in industry-wide patent wars, as Apple and Microsoft have sued Android device makers such as HTC, Samsung, and Motorola. The merger was completed on May 22, 2012, after the approval of China.
This purchase is partly to help Google acquire Motorola's substantial portfolio of patents on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google in ongoing patent disputes with other companies, especially Apple and Microsoft, and to enable it to continue offering Android freely. After the acquisition was closed, Google began to restructure Motorola's business to fit Google's strategy. On August 13, 2012, Google announced plans to lay off 4,000 Motorola Mobility employees. On December 10, 2012, Google sold its Motorola Mobility manufacturing operations to Flextronics for $ 75 million. As part of the agreement, Flextronics will produce Android devices and other undisclosed devices. On December 19, 2012, Google sold its Motorola Mobility Home business division to Arris Group for $ 2.35 billion in cash and stock transactions. As part of this deal, Google acquired a 15.7% stake in Arris Group for $ 300 million.
In June 2013, Google acquired Waze, a $ 966 million deal. Although Waze will remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, are reported as valuable integration between Waze and Google Maps, Google's own mapping service.
On January 26, 2014, Google announced that it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies, a privately held intelligence company from London. DeepMind describes itself as having the ability to combine the best techniques of machine learning and neuroscience systems to build general purpose learning algorithms. The first commercial application DeepMind is used in simulation, e-commerce, and games. In December 2013, it was reported that DeepMind has about 75 employees. The technology news website Recode reports that the company was purchased for $ 400 million even though it was not revealed where the information came from. A Google spokesperson will not comment on the price. The purchase of DeepMind's help in Google's recent growth in artificial intelligence and artificial robotics communities.
On January 29, 2014, Google announced that it would release Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for $ 2.91 billion, a fraction of the original $ 12.5 billion price paid by Google to acquire the company. Google retains all except Motorola's 2000 patents and holds a cross-license agreement.
On September 21, 2017, HTC announced a "cooperative agreement" that would sell non-exclusive rights to certain intellectual property, and smartphone talent, to Google for $ 1.1 billion.
On December 6, 2017, Google made its first investment in India and took a significant minority stake in the concierge and delivery of Dunzo's hyper-local players. The Benguluru-based startup received a $ 12 million investment in Google's B series funding round.
On March 29, 2018, Google led the C Series funding round to F-FD e-commerce online-to-offline mode. It is the second direct investment in India with an undisclosed amount. In this way, Google is also looking to build ecosystems in India through high-frequency hyper-local transactions as well as in the health, financial services, and education sectors.
Google data center
Google's data center is located in North and South America, Asia, Europe.
Traditionally, Google relies on parallel computing on commodity hardware like mainstream x86 computers similar to home PCs to keep costs per request low. In 2005, they began to develop their own design, which was only revealed in 2009.
In October 2013, The Washington Post reported that the US National Security Agency intercepts communication between Google's data centers, as part of a program called MUSCULAR. This tapping is possible because Google does not encrypt data that is passed in its own network. Google began encrypting data sent between data centers by 2013.
Google's most efficient data center runs at 35 ° C (95 ° F) using only fresh air cooling, which requires no electric-powered air conditioning; the server runs so hot that humans can not approach them for a long time.
The August 2011 report estimates that Google has about 900,000 servers in their data centers, based on energy usage. The report states that "Google never says how many servers are running in its data center."
In December 2016, Google announced that - starting 2017 - it will empower all its data centers, as well as all of its offices, of 100% renewable energy. This commitment will make Google "the world's largest corporate buyer with renewable power, with a commitment of 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy". Google also states that it does not consider it an end in itself; It is said that "because the wind does not blow 24 hours a day, we will also expand our purchases to various energy sources that can activate renewable power, every hour of every day". In addition, the project will "help the support community" around the world, as the purchase commitment will "generate more than $ 3.5 billion in global infrastructure investment", and will "generate tens of millions of dollars a year in revenue to local property owners, and tens of millions more to local and national governments in tax revenues ".
Alphabet
On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to rearrange its interests as a conglomerate called the Alphabet. Google is a leading Alphabet subsidiary, and will continue to be an umbrella company for Internet Alphabet interests. After completing the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became Google's CEO, replacing Larry Page, who became CEO of the Alphabet.
On September 1, 2017, Google Inc. announced its plan to restructure as a limited liability company, Google LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of XXVI Holdings Inc., formed as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. to own the equity of other subsidiaries, including Google LLC and other bets.
Maps Google
Products and services
Ads
For fiscal year 2006, the company reported $ 10,492 billion in total ad revenue and only $ 112 Ã, million in license and other revenue. In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue came from its advertising program. In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search queries, Google uses technology from DoubleClick companies, to project user interests and target ads to the search context and user history.
In 2007, Google launched "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.
Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their websites, for example by checking the click rate for all links on the page. Google ads may be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google AdWords allows advertisers to show their ads on the Google content network, via a cost-per-click scheme. The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these ads on their websites and make money every time an ad is clicked.
One criticism of the program is the possibility of click fraud, which happens when someone or script automatically clicks on an ad without being interested in the product, causing advertisers to overpay the money to Google. The industry report in 2006 claimed that about 14 to 20% of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.
In February 2003, Google stopped displaying ads for Oceana, a nonprofit organization that protested the main cruise waste treatment practices. Google cited its editorial policy at the time, stating "Google does not accept advertisements if those ads or sites advocate against other individuals, groups, or organizations." In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo !, which allowed Yahoo! to display Google ads on their web pages. Alliances between the two companies have never really materialized due to antitrust concerns by the US Department of Justice. As a result, Google withdrew from the deal in November 2008.
In July 2016, Google began refusing all flash-based ads that replaced them by HTM5. Google's plan is to go "100% HTML5" starting on January 2, 2017.
Search engine
According to market research comScore from November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a market share of 65.6%. Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to find the information they want through the use of keywords and operators.
In 2003, The New York Times complained about Google indexing, claiming that caching Google content on its site infringed copyright for the content. Good in Field v. Google and Parker v. Google , the Nevada District Court in the United States decides to support Google. Publications <2600: The Quarterly Hacker has compiled a list of words that Google's new instant search feature will not search.
Google Watch has criticized Google's PageRank algorithm, saying that they discriminate against new websites and support existing sites.
Google also hosts Google Books. Companies started scanning books and uploading limited previews, and full books were allowed into their new book search engine. The Authors Guild, a group representing 8,000 US writers, filed a class action lawsuit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 for the service. Google responds that it complies with all applicable copyright and historical copyright laws of the book. Google finally reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scan of books from the US, UK, Australia and Canada. Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009, requesting to remove the works of La MartiniÃÆ'¨re (ÃÆ' â € ° ditions du Seuil) from its database. In competition with Amazon.com, Google sells digital versions of new books.
On July 21, 2010, in response to Bing, Google updated its image search to show a thumbnail streaming sequence that zooms in when pointing. Although web search still appears in batch format per page, on July 23, 2010, dictionary definitions for certain English words start appearing above linked results for web searches.
The "Hummingbird" update to Google's search engine was announced in September 2013. The update was introduced more than a month before the announcement and allowed users to ask search engine questions in a natural language rather than entering keywords into the search box.
In August 2016, Google announced two major changes to its mobile search results. The first change removes the "mobile-friendly" label that highlights easily-read pages from its mobile search results page. For the second change, the company - starting January 10, 2017 - will penalize mobile pages that show intrusive interstitial ads when a user first opens the page. The page will also be lower in Google search results.
In May 2017, Google activated a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, allowing users to search for content across their various Google account services, including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google Photos.
Enterprise services
G Suite is a monthly subscription offer for organizations and businesses to gain access to a collection of Google services, including Gmail, Google Drive, and Docs, Sheets and Slides, with additional administrative tools, unique domain names and 24/7 support.
The Google Search Appliance was launched in February 2002, targeted to provide search technology for larger organizations. Google launched Mini three years later, targeted at smaller organizations. In late 2006, Google began selling Custom Search Business Edition, providing customers with an ad-free window to the Google.com index. The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008. The Site Search Customer was notified by email at the end of March 2017 that no new License for Site Search will be sold after April 1, 2017, but customers and technical support will be provided during existing license agreements.
On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, tailored specifically to enterprise-class enterprise needs" that can be integrated with BigQuery on Google Cloud Platform. Among these, the suite is designed to help "enterprise marketers" "see full customer travel," generate "useful insights," and "provide an exciting experience to the right people." Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal writes that this suite competes with existing cloud marketing offers by companies including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.
Business incubator
On September 24, 2012, Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a non-profit business incubator that provides startups with a shared workspace known as a Campus, with help for startup founders that can include workshops, conferences, and mentoring. Currently, there are 7 campus locations in Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.
Consumer service
Web-based services
Google offers Gmail, and new Inbox variants, for email, Google Calendar for time management and scheduling, Google Maps for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery, Google Drive for cloud file storage, Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity, Google Photos for storage and photo sharing, Google Keep for note taking, Google Translate for language translation, YouTube to view and share videos, and Google, Allo, and Duo for social interaction.
Software
Google developed the Android mobile operating system, as well as smartwatch, television, cars, and the Internet from a variety of smart devices that use a variety of things.
It also develops Google Chrome's web browser, and Chrome OS, Chrome-based operating system.
Hardware
In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone with its own "Nexus" brand. It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus" brand until the end of termination in 2016, replaced by a brand new, Pixel.
In 2011, Chromebooks were introduced, depicted as "the new kind of computer" running Chrome OS.
In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, allowing users to stream content from their smartphone to television.
In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that allows users to place their smartphones in a special front compartment to view virtual reality (VR) media.
In April 2016, Recode reported that Google had hired Rick Osterloh, former President of Motorola Mobility, to lead Google's new hardware division. In October 2016, Osterloh stated that "the many innovations we want to do now end up requiring control of the end-to-end user experience", and Google announces several hardware platforms:
- Pixel and Pixel XL phones with Google Assistant, the next generation of contextual voice assistants, are installed.
- Google Home, an in-home voice assistant at Amazon Echo that can answer voice questions, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather, etc.), and control third-party home smart devices (users can tell to turn on lights, for example).
- Daydream See virtual reality headset that lets Android users with compatible Daydream compatible smartphones place their phones in headsets and enjoy VR content.
- Google Wifi, a series of connected Wi-Fi routers to simplify and expand home Wi-Fi coverage.
Internet Services
In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with an experimental plan to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more cities across America. After Google's corporate restructuring to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was moved to the Alphabet Access division.
In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a virtual mobile network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and mobile networks from various telecom providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signals.
In September 2016, Google started its Google Station initiative, a public Wi-Fi project at a train station in India. Caesar Sengupta, VP for the next billions of Google users, told The Verge that 15,000 people online for the first time thanks to Google Station and that 3.5 million people use the service every month. That expansion means that Google is looking for partners around the world to develop more initiatives, promising "high-quality, secure, and accessible Wi-Fi". In December, Google Station was deployed at 100 railway stations, and in February, Google announced its intention to expand outside of the train station, with plans to bring Wi-Fi across town to Pune.
Other products
Google launched the Google News service in 2002, an automated service that summarizes news articles from various websites. In March 2005, Agence France Presse (AFP) sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia, a case that Google settled for an undisclosed amount in the agreement that included a license from the full text of the AFP article for use on Google News.
In May 2011, Google announced Google Wallet, the mobile app for wireless payments.
In 2013, Google launched Google Shopping Express, a delivery service that was initially only available in San Francisco and Silicon Valley.
Google Alerts is a detection of content changes and notification services, offered by Google search engine companies. The service sends an email to the user when it finds a new result - such as a web page, newspaper article, or blog - that matches the user's search term.
In July 2015 Google released DeepDream, an image recognition software capable of creating psychedelic images using a convolutional neural network.
Google introduced its Family Link service in March 2017, letting parents buy Android-based Android Nougat devices for children under the age of 13 and create Google accounts through apps, with parents controlling installed apps, keeping track of time spent on the device , and set the "Sleep Time" feature that locks the device remotely.
In April 2017, Google launched AutoDraw, a web-based tool that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to recognize user images and replace streaks with related stock images that have been created by professional artists. The tool is built using the same technology as QuickDraw, an experimental game from Creative Lab Google where users are assigned to draw objects that algorithms will recognize in 20 seconds.
In May 2017, Google added "Family Groups" to some of its services. This feature allows users to create groups consisting of their family members' Google accounts, allowing users to add their "Family Groups" as collaborators to share albums in Google Photos, shared notes in Google Keep, and public events in Google Calendar. Upon announcement, this feature is limited to Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States.
API
Google API is a set of application programming interfaces (APIs) developed by Google that enable communication with Google Services and its integration into other services. Examples include Search, Gmail, Translate or Google Maps. Third-party applications may use this API to utilize or extend the functionality of existing services.
Other websites
Google developers are Google sites for software development tools, APIs, and technical resources. This site contains documentation on how to use Google developer tools and APIs - including discussion groups and blogs for developers using Google developer products.
Google Labs is a page created by Google to demonstrate and test new projects.
Google has a top-level domain 1e100.net that is used for multiple servers in the Google network. The name is a reference to E notation of a scientific representation for 1 googol, 1E100 = 1 Ã- 10 100 .
In March 2017, Google launched a new website, opensource.google.com, to publish its internal documentation for Google Open Source projects.
In June 2017, Google launched "We Wear Culture", a searchable archive of 3,000 years of global mode. The archive, the result of a collaboration between Google and more than 180 museums, schools, fashion institutions and other organizations, also offers curated exhibitions for specific fashion topics and their impact on the community.
Enterprise issues and culture
On the list of Fortune magazine about the best companies that will work, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012 and fourth in 2009 and 2010. Google was also nominated in 2010 to become the most exciting company in the world to graduate students in the talent appeal index of Universum Communications. Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as "You can make money without committing a crime," "You can be serious without a lawsuit," and "work must be challenging and the challenge must be fun."
Employee
As of March 2018, Google has 85,050 employees. Google's 2017 diversity report states that 31 percent of its workforce is female and 69 percent are male, with ethnicity of white-dominated (56%) and Asian (35%) workers. However, in the role of technology, 20 percent are women; and 25 percent of the leadership role held by women. The report also announced that former vice president Intel, CDO and CHRO Danielle Brown will join Google as the new Vice President of Diversity. The March 2013 report is presented in EclipseCon2013 specifying that Google has more than 10,000 developers based in more than 40 offices.
Googlers are hired by a hierarchical system. Employees are divided into six hierarchies based on experience and can reach "from entry level data center workers at level one to experienced managers and engineers at level six."
After the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their basic salary be cut to $ 1. Subsequent offers by companies to increase their salary were denied, mainly because their primary compensation kept coming from owning shares in Google. Prior to 2004, Schmidt earned $ 250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received a $ 150,000 annual salary.
In March 2008, Sheryl Sandberg, then vice president of global online sales and operations, started his position as Facebook's chief operating officer. In 2009, early employees Tim Armstrong went on to become CEO of AOL. In July 2012, Google's first female engineer, Marissa Mayer, left Google to become Yahoo! CEO.
In 2017, former Intel executive Diane Bryant became Chief Operating Officer of Google Cloud.
As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy often called Inactive Time Innovation, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some Google services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense come from this independent effort. In a conversation at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 came from the Inactive Time Innovation.
Office and home office locations
Mountain View
Google Headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as the "Googleplex", a game of words in the googolplex number and the headquarters itself becomes complex complex . The lobby is decorated with piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and projection of search queries on the walls. The hallway is full of exercise balls and bicycles. Many employees have access to corporate recreation centers. Recreational facilities are spread throughout the campus and include an exercise room with heavy equipment and paddles, locker rooms, washing machines and dryers, massage rooms, various video games, table football, baby grand pianos, pool tables and ping pong. In addition to the recreation room, there is a snack room filled with various foods and beverages, with special emphasis on nutrition. Free food is available to employees 24/7, with offers provided by paid vending machines based on and beneficial for those with better nutritional value.
Extensive Google facilities are not available for all workers. Temporary workers such as the book scanner do not have access to public transport, Google cafes, or other facilities.
New York City
In 2006, Google moved to about 300,000 square feet (27,900m 2 ) office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan. The office was designed and built specifically for Google, and housed its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in securing a major partnership. New York headquarters includes a games room, a micro-kitchen and a video game area. In 2010, Google bought the building as its headquarters, in a transaction that valued the property for about $ 1.9 billion, the largest for a single building in the United States that year. In February 2012, Google moved additional employees to the New York City campus, totaling approximately 2,750 employees. In 2018, Google's parent company, Alphabet, bought the $ 2.4 billion Chelsea Market building near its New York headquarters. This sale is touted as one of the Most Expensive Real Estate Transactions for a single building in New York history.
Other US cities
At the end of 2006, Google set up a new headquarters for the AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In November 2006, Google opened an office on the Carnegie Mellon campus in Pittsburgh, focusing on coding related ads and related mobile phone apps and programs. Other office locations in the US include Atlanta, Georgia; Austin, Texas; Boulder, Colorado; Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Reston, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.
In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to meet about 30% of campus energy needs. This system will be the largest solar power system built on a US corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world. In addition, Google announced in 2009 that they deploy goats to guard the grasslands around the Googleplex, helping to prevent threats from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of large areas of land. The idea of ​​grass trimming using goats comes from Bob Widlar, an engineer working for National Semiconductor. In 2008, Google faced charges at Harper's Magazine as "gobbling energy". The company is accused of using the slogan "Do not be evil" and its public energy savings campaign to cover or compensate for the enormous amount of energy the server needs.
International location
Internationally, Google has more than 78 offices in more than 50 countries. It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely Sydney (location where the birth of Google Maps) and London (part of Android development).
In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London head office, a famous 1 million square foot office to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the largest commercial property acquisitions at the time of the announcement of the deal in January, Google submitted a plan for its new headquarters to the Camden Council in June 2017. The new building, if approved, will feature a rooftop garden with track rides, giant moving curtains, swimming pool, and multi-use games area for sports.
In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad, India. The new campus, reportedly the largest company outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.
Doodles
Since 1998, Google has designed a temporary, custom alternate logo to be placed on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements, and people. The first Google Doodle was to honor the Burning Man Festival in 1998. The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users about their absence if the server is interrupted. The next Google Doodles was designed by outside contractors, until Larry and Sergey asked then apprentice Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. Since then, Doodles has been organized and created by a team of employees called "Doodlers".
Easter Eggs and April Fool's jumper
Google has a tradition of making April Fool's jokes. On April 1, 2000, Google MentalPlex allegedly displayed the use of mental powers to search the web. In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Internet Toilet Service Provider, where a person gets a connection by flushing one end of the fiber optic cable into their toilet. Also in 2007, Google's Gmail page displays announcements for Gmail Paper, which allows users to send email messages and send them. In 2008, Google announced a special Gmail time where users can change the sending time of email.
In 2010, Google changed its corporate name to Topeka in honor of Topeka, Kansas, whose mayor renamed the city to Google for a short time in an effort to influence Google's decision in the new Google Fiber Project. In 2011, Google announced Gmail Motion, an interactive way to control Gmail and computers with body movement through the user's webcam.
Google services contain Easter eggs, such as Swedish chef's "Bork bork bork", "Latin Pig", Hacker "or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as a language choice for his search engine The search engine calculator provides Answers to the Main Questions Life, The Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy When searching for the word "recursion", the spell-checker for a spelled word correctly is exactly the same word, creating a recursive link.
When searching for the word "anagram," which means rearranging letters from one word to form other valid words, Google's suggestion feature shows "What do you mean: nag ram?" On Google Maps, looking for directions between places separated by large waters, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo, generates instructions for "kayaking across the Pacific Ocean." During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, search queries including "World Cup" and "FIFA" led to the "Goooo... gle" page indicator at the bottom of each results page to read "Goooo... al!" As a replacement.
Philanthropy
In 2004, Google set up a philanthropic, non-profit philanthropic Google.org, with initial funding of $ 1 billion. The organization's mission is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of his first projects is developing a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can reach 100 miles per gallon. Google hired Larry Brilliant as executive director of the program in 2004 and Megan Smith has since succeeded in having a director.
In 2008, Google announced a "10 100 project" that received ideas to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites. After two years of silence, where many wondered what happened to the program, Google disclosed the winner of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars for ideas ranging from nonprofits that promote education to websites that intend to make all legal documents into public and online.
In March 2007, in partnership with the Institute for Mathematical Sciences Research (MSRI), Google hosted the first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its headquarters in Mountain View. In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to the International Mathematics Olympiad to support the next five years International International Olympiads (2011-2015). In July 2012, Google launched the "Legalization of Love" campaign to support gay rights.
Tax evasion
Google uses various tax evasion strategies. Of the five largest American technology companies, he paid the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of his income. Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $ 3.1 billion in taxes by posting non-US profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such a technique lowers the non-US tax rate to 2.3 percent, while typically corporate tax rates for example in the UK are 28 percent. This has reportedly triggered a French investigation into Google's transfer pricing practices.
Following criticism about the amount of corporate taxes paid by Google in the UK, Chairman Eric Schmidt said, "This is called capitalism, we are proud of the capitalists." During the same December 2012 interview, Schmidt confirmed that the company had no intention of paying more to the British treasurer.
Google Vice President Matt Brittin testified to the House of Commons UK Public Accountant Committee that his British sales team did not sell and therefore no sales tax to England. In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay Ã, Â £ 130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in the future.
Environment
Since 2007, Google has been aiming for carbon neutrality in terms of its operations.
Google revealed in September 2011 that "continues to use enough electricity to power 200,000 homes", nearly 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of nuclear power plants. Total carbon emissions for 2010 are just under 1.5 million metric tons, largely due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for data centers. Google says that 25 percent of its energy is supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. The average search uses only 0.3 watts-hours of electricity, so all global search is only 12.5 million watts or 5% of total power consumption by Google.
In 2007, Google launched a project centered on renewable energy development, titled the project "Cheaper Renewable Energy than Coal (RE & lt; C)". However, the project was canceled in 2014, after engineers Ross Koningstein and David Fork understood, after years of study, that "the best scenarios, based on our most optimistic estimates for renewable energy, will still produce severe climate change", writes that they "came to the conclusion that even if Google and others have led the way toward massive renewable energy adoption, that switch will not result in significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions".
In June 2013, The Washington Post reported that Google had donated $ 50,000 to the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a libertarian think tank that calls human carbon emissions a positive factor in the environment and argues that global warming is not a problem..
In July 2013, it was reported that Google had organized a fundraising event for Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe, calling climate change a "hoax". In 2014 Google severed ties with the American Legislature Exchange Council (ALEC) after pressure from Sierra Club, major union and Google scientists themselves due to ALEC's stance on climate change and opposition to renewable energy.
In November 2017, Google purchased 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase makes the company reach 100% renewable energy. Wind energy comes from two power plants in South Dakota, one in Iowa and one in Oklahoma.
Lobby
In 2013, Google ranked fifth in lobby shopping, up from 213rd in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd in the donation of the technology campaign and the Internet section.
Litigation
Google has been involved in a number of lawsuits including the High-Tech Employees Antitrust Litigation which resulted in Google being one of four companies to pay $ 415 million in completion to employees.
On June 27, 2017, the company received a EUR2.42 billion penalty from the European Union for "promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of the search results." Commenting on the punishment, the magazine New Scientist said: "The hefty amount - the largest ever distributed by EU competition regulators - will sting in the short term, but Google can handle it. Alphabet, Google's parent company, gets profit of $ 2.5 billion (EUR2.2 billion) in the first six weeks of 2017. The real effect of that decision is that Google should stop using its dominance as a search engine to give itself an edge in other markets: online price comparison. " the verdict.
Criticism and controversy
Google's dominance in the market has caused prominent media coverage, including criticism of the company over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance, search neutrality, copyright, censorship of search results and content, and privacy. Other criticisms include alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, the use of other people's intellectual property, concerns that data compilation may violate people's privacy, and server energy consumption, as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as monopoly, trade control, anti-competitive practices, and patent infringement.
Google's mission statement, from the beginning, is "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful", and the unofficial slogan is "Do not be evil". In October 2015, the related motto was adopted in Alphabet's corporate code of ethics with the phrase: "Do the right thing". The original motto is retained in Google's code of ethics, now Alphabet's subsidiary.
Google's commitment to such strong ideals is increasingly questionable due to a number of corporate actions and behaviors that seem to contradict this.
Following a media report on PRISM, the NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Google. According to leakage from the program, Google joined PRISM program in 2009.
On August 8, 2017, Google fired James Damore's employees after he shared a memo to the entire company stating that Google's "ideological echo space" and bias masked their thinking about k
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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