Electricity consumption is a form of energy consumption that uses electrical energy. The consumption of electrical energy is the actual energy demand made on the existing power supply.
Video Electric energy consumption
Overview
Electrical energy is most often measured either in joules (J), or in watts of hours (W Â · h) representing constant strength over a period of time.
- 1 WÃ, Â · s = 1 J
- 1 WÃ, Â · h = 3600 WÃ, s s = 3600 J
Electrical and electronic devices consume electrical energy to produce the desired output (ie, light, heat, motion, etc.). During operation, some portion of the energy - depending on electrical efficiency - is consumed in unwanted output, such as waste heat.
Electricity has been generated in power plants since 1882. The invention of steam turbines in 1883 to drive electric generators started a strong increase of world electricity consumption.
In 2008, the total world electricity production was 20,279 petawatt-hours (PWh). This figure corresponds to an average power of 2.31 TW continuously throughout the year. The total energy required to produce this power is roughly a factor of 2 to 3 higher because the efficiency of a power plant generates about 30-50% electricity. The resulting power is thus in the order of 5 TW. This is approximately one-third of the total energy consumption of 15 TW ( see world energy consumption ).
In 2005, the primary energy used to generate electricity was 41.60 Quadrillion BTU [12,192 TWh] (Coal 21.01 thighs [6,157 TWh], Natural Gas 6.69 Thighs [1,960 TWh], Petroleum 1.32 Thighs [387 TWh], Nuclear Power 8.13 Quads [2,383 TWh], Renewable Energy 4.23 Thighs [1,240 TWh]). The gross generation of electricity that year was 14.50 Quads [4,250 TWh]; the difference, 27.10 Quads [7.942 TWh], is a conversion loss. Among all the electricity, 4.84 Quads [1,418 TWh] is used in residential areas, 4.32 quads [1,266 TWh] used in commercial, 3.47 quads [1,017 TWh] used in industry and 0.03 quads [8,79 TWh] used in transportation.
1 Quad = 1 Quadrillion BTU = 1 x 10 15 BTU = 293 TWh
16.816 TWh (83%) of the electrical energy consumed by the end user. The difference of 3,464 TWH (17%) is consumed in the process of generating power and lost in transmission to the end user.
Sensitivity analysis on the adaptive neuro-fuzzy network model for the estimation of electricity demand shows that work is the most important factor affecting electricity consumption. This study uses six parameters as input data, work, GDP, residence, population, HDD and CDD, with demand of electricity as output variable.
World electricity consumption down in 2009
At world level, energy consumption is reduced by 1.5% during 2009, for the first time since World War II. Except in Asia and the Middle East, consumption is reduced in all regions of the world. In OECD countries, accounting for 53% of the total, electricity demand fell by more than 4.5% in Europe and North America while shrinking above 7% in Japan. Demand for electricity also fell by more than 4.5% in the CIS countries, driven by large cuts in Russian consumption. In contrast, in China and India (22% of world consumption), electricity consumption continues to increase at a robust pace (6-7%) to meet energy demand associated with high economic growth. In the Middle East, growth rates softened but remained high, just under 4%.
Maps Electric energy consumption
World electricity consumption (2012)
This table lists the 37 power consumer countries, which use 19,000 TWh/a. ie 90% of the consumption of all more than 190 countries. The total consumption (including the amount consumed by the power plant) and the energy source to generate electricity are provided per country. The data is 2012. The last column contains the number of millions of people.
Consumption per head
Total consumption (column 2) divided by population (last column) gives the consumption of a country per capita. In W-Europe this is between 5 and 8 MWh/a. (1 MWh equals 1000 kWh.) In Scandinavia, the US, Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea, far more, in developing countries much less. The world average is 3 MWh/a. Very low consumption per head, as in Indonesia, means that many residents are not connected to the power grid, and this is the reason why the 7th and 8th densest nations in the world - Nigeria (177M) and Bangladesh (156M) - are not appeared on the table.
2012-2014
From 2012 to 2014 electricity consumption worldwide increased 5%. Electricity generated by nuclear and fossil is up 3%, 12% renewable electricity.
A small portion of renewable energy, solar and wind power, increased more, 46% in line with strong growth since 1990.
In Brazil, wind power increases 140%, in China not only the sun and wind are rising rapidly, 81%, but also nuclear, 36%. Electricity_generation_and_GDP_ (2009) "> Power generation and GDP (2009)
The listed countries are the 20 most populous countries and/or countries of 20 GDP (PPP) and Saudi Arabia at CIA World Factbook 2009.
30 countries (excluding the EU/IEA) in this table represent 77% of the world's population, 84% of world GDP, 83% of the world's electricity generation.
Productivity per Generation Electricity (concept similar to Energy intensity) can be measured by dividing the amount of GDP with the electricity generated. The world average is $ 3.5 production/kWh.
Power generation includes final consumption, in process consumption, and loss.
Electric final consumption by category (2008)
About 17% of total electricity production is consumed by in process, such as self-consumption of power plants, network losses and storage losses. In 2008, the total power plant contributed 20,261 TWh (20.26 PWh), while 3,464 TWh (3.46 PWh) was self-consumption and losses and 16,816 TWh (16.82 PWh) went into final consumption.
In consumption level in Industry, China is the highest with 67.8%, South Korea is 51.0% (7), Germany 46.1% (11), Japan 31.5% (26), United States 24.0 % (28) In Commercial and Public Service, Japan is highest with 36.4%, United States 35.6% (3), China 5.4% (29). For Domestic use, Saudi Arabia is the highest with 56.9%, the United States 36.2% (8), Japan 29.8% (16), China 15.5% (29), Korea 13.8% (30 ).
Definitions
- Industry : iron and steel, chemical and petrochemical, non-ferrous metals, non-metallic minerals, transportation equipment, machinery, mining, Food and tobacco, Paper, pulp and print , wood and wood products, construction, textiles and leather, not specified.
- Transportation : domestic flights, Land transportation, Railways, Pipeline transport, domestic navigation, not specified. notes of sea bunker and international flight notes.
- Fishing : some countries include fishing with agriculture or forestry. Electricity_consumption_of_OECD_member_countries_ (2008) "> Electricity consumption from OECD member countries (2008)
- 1 MWÃ, Â · h/yr = 114 watts
- economic growth in developing countries and
- transportation electrification and heating. The combustion engine is replaced by an electric propulsion and for heating less gas and oil, but more electricity is used, if possible with a heat pump.
- World Electrical Production 2012
- World Map and Energy Consumption Chart by country by Lebanon-economic forum, World Bank data
The consumption of electric energy per population by primary energy sources in some countries and regions in 2008 is on the table.
For OECD with 8 991 kWh/year/person: 1,026 watts/person.
Electrical scenario up to 2040
In all scenarios, increased efficiency will result in less electricity required for power demand and given light. But demand will rise sharply because
As transportation and warming become more climate-friendly, the environmental effects of energy consumption will be more determined by electricity. This is primarily supplied by burning fossil fuels that disrupt the natural carbon cycle. Scenarios come to very different results for the environment.
The International Energy Agency expects a revision of subsidies for fossil fuels amounting to 550 billion dollars by 2013, more than four times renewable energy subsidies. In this scenario almost half of the 2040 increase in electricity consumption is covered by more than 80% growth of renewable energy. Many new nuclear plants will be built, especially to replace the old ones. The nuclear power station will increase from 11 to 12%. The renewable part goes up a lot, from 21 to 33%. The IEA warns that to limit global warming to 2 Â ° C, carbon dioxide emissions should not exceed 1000 gigaton (Gt) from 2014. This limit is reached by 2040 and emissions will not drop to zero.
The World Energy Council sees world electricity consumption rising to over 40,000 TWh/a by 2040. The fossil portion of the generation depends on energy policy. It can survive about 70% in so-called Jazz scenarios in which more independent states "improvise" but that can also be reduced to about 40% in the Symphony scenario if the working countries are "arranged" for more climate-friendly policies. The carbon dioxide emissions, 32 Gt/a in 2012, will increase to 46 Gt/a in Jazz but decrease to 26 Gt/a in the Symphony. Thus, up to 2040 renewable generation sections will remain at about 20% in Jazz but increased to about 45% in Symphony.
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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