Higher Fraxinus , known as ash , or ash Europe or natural ash to distinguish it from other types of ash, is a species of flowering plants in the olive family of oleaceae. It is native throughout mainland eastern Europe to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains. The northernmost location is in the Trondheimsfjord region of Norway. This species is widely cultivated and reported to be naturalized in New Zealand and in scattered areas of the United States and Canada.
Video Fraxinus excelsior
Description
It is a large old tree that grows up to 12-18 m (39-59 ft) (very high up to 43 m or 141 m) with stems up to 2 m (6.6 ft) (very high up to 3.5 m or 11 ft ). diameter, with a high and narrow crown. Her skin was smooth and pale gray on a young tree, becoming thick and vertically broken on old trees. The buds are fat, greenish-gray, with dark black buds (which distinguish them from most other ash species, which have gray or brown shoots). The leaves are opposite, 20-35 cm long (7,9-13,8 inches), pinnate, with 7-13 leaflets with rough margins serrated, ellipse to narrow elliptical, 3-12 cm (1,2-4, 7 inches) and 0.8 -3 cm (0.31 to 1.18 inches) wide and sessile on rachis leaf. No conditions. These features distinguish the ash from the ash of the mountain ( Sorbus aucuparia ) where the leaves alternate with the paired stipula. The leaves are often the last to open in the spring, and the first fall in autumn if early snow attacks; they have no autumn colors marked, often falling dull green. The flowers are borne in a short panicle, open before the leaves, and do not have a perianth. Female flowers are somewhat longer than male flowers, dark purple, without petals, and pollinated by the wind. Both male and female flowers can occur in the same tree, but it is more common to find all male trees and all females. A tree that is all male one year can produce the next female flower, and also the female tree can be male. The fruit is 2.5-4.5 cm (0.98 to 1.77 inches) long and 5-8 mm (0.20-0.31 inches) long, often hanging in bunches during the winter; they are often called 'ash keys'. If the fruit is collected and planted when it is still green and not fully cooked, it will germinate immediately, but once the fruit is completely brown and fully cooked, it will not germinate until 18 months after sowing (ie not until two winters pass).
Ash Europe is rarely 250 years old. However, there are many specimens estimated to be between 200 and 250 years old and some are over 250. The largest is in Clapton Court, England and has a thickness of 9 m (29.5 ft). There are some examples over 4.5 meters (14.8 feet) in Derbyshire alone.
Maps Fraxinus excelsior
Distribution
Fraxinus excelsior is a native of Europe from northern Spain to Russia, and from southern Fennoscandia to northern Greece. It is also considered native to southwest Asia from northern Turkey east to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains. The northernmost location is in the Trondheimsfjord region of Norway. This species is widely cultivated and reported to be naturalized in New Zealand and in areas spread across the United States and Canada including Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Ontario, Ohio, Kentucky and British Columbia.
It is native throughout the British Isles, especially on limestone, as it is in northern Scotland, where the northernmost native alien in the British Isles occurs on the limestone in Rassal Ashwood. It is widely grown elsewhere.
Ecology
Ash occurs in various soil types, but mainly related to the base soil on calcareous substrate. The northernmost ashwood in England is at limestone in Rassal, Wester Ross, latitude 57.4278 N. Ash prefers the type of moist soil and is generally limited by temperature and is not found at higher colder altitudes in many Europe, although in Iran it can reach 2,000 m asl. As the young seedling it is a tolerant shade, but as the older tree is a demanding light. This is an early succession species and may come out competing beech and oak, which is the next species of succession.
Fraxinus higher mycorrhiza is a type of internal arbuscular mycorrhiza, in which fungi grow in the root tissue and form a branched tree-like structure within the root cortex cell. Unlike other species of Fraxinus , F. excelsior does not form ectomycorrhizas.
The Biological Records Center of UK noted 111 species of insects and mites that use ash as food crops, 29 of which are specific to ash. Six further specifically for the relative wild ash and privilege of its Oleaceae ( Ligustrum vulgare ). A number of Lepidoptera use this species as a food source (see lepidoptera that eats ash). One example of a special moth for an ash moth is a central-barred sausage ( Atethmia centrago ). The larva digs into the bud when it hatches and then eats the flowers and leaves. Common moths cause brown gray leaves, as well as privet and purple gardens, are Gracillaria syringella . Commonly grouped larvae form the epidermal gallery (ie feeding in the leaves) leading to brown spots with black frass. Then, two consecutive cones are formed by folding the tip of the leaf down.
In England, fourteen galls have been recorded on ash. The British Plant Gall Society defines bile as .... abnormal growth produced by plants under the influence of other organisms .
Ash dieback
Ash dieback is caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus previously known as Chalara fraxinea. Research into the genetics of ash resistance ( Fraxinus excelsior ) has shown that resistance does not occur in the European population, but, at least for the sample under test, it is not common or strong.
Genome
The Fraxinus excelsior genome is being sequenced by two groups of scientists in England. A group at Queen Mary University of London led by Richard Buggs is sorting off a descendent that is distilled from a tree from Worcestershire, held by Earth Trust. A group at the John Innes Center and Genomic Analysis Center headed by Allan Downie compiled a sequence of "Tree 35" from Denmark, discovered by Erik KjÃÆ'Â|r, who has survived 8 years in the ashes.
Usage
Rapid resilience and growth make it an important resource for small farmers and farmers. It is probably the most versatile wood in the countryside with wide use. Until World War II, trees were often attacked with a ten-year cycle to provide a sustainable source of wood for fuel and poles to build and work on wood. The color of the wood ranges from creamy white to light brown, and the wood of the heart may be darker brown olive. Hardwood ash, strong and very hard, with coarse open granules and a density of 710 kg/m 3 . It lacks the natural resistance of oak to rotting, and is not suitable for posts buried in the ground. Due to its high flexibility, resistance to shocks and resistance to cleavage, ash wood is the traditional material for bow, tool grip, especially for hammers and axes, tennis rackets, and cue rods, and is widely used in early aircraft construction. Ash is generally used green to create a frame seat that will sit with other wood or with a hasty fabric (eg made by Philip Clissett, see also The English Regional Chair ). Parts are turned on with lathes or shaped with drawknife. This practice was essentially dead in the early 20th century, but has undergone a revival in recent years.
Ash is an important constituent of wood grasslands, a European management system where open forests provide shelter and feeding for grazing animals. Ash is attacked and grazed, often in hedges, and evidence in the form of several large holes with multiple rods appearing at the height of the head can still be seen in the English section. Abu Glen Lyon is a famous example of pollarded ash which at about 400-500 years reaches a thickness of 6 m. In Northumberland, crab and lobster pots (traps) are sometimes known as 'creeves' by local people who are still made from ash sticks. Because of its elasticity, Ash European wood is generally used for walking sticks. The poles are cut from the bush and the tip is heated with steam. The wood can then be bent with a curved skirt to form the handle of the stick. Bright colors and attractive ash wood grains make it popular in modern furnishings such as chairs, dining tables, doors and other architectural features and wooden flooring.
Ash is the only wood used for making hurleys, referred to as hurls in the Leinster section and is known as an Irish camÃÆ'¡n, a wooden stick used in throwing games in Ireland. Hurley is made from butt log (the bottom of 1.5 meters rod) and from trees that have a chest-high diameter of about 25-30 centimeters. Only free ashes that grow free, straight and knot can be used for this purpose. Due to the lack of ash available in Ireland, more than 75% of the wood needed to produce the 350,000 hurley needed for the game each year should be imported, mostly from eastern European countries. The importance of the ash wood to the throwing game is reflected in the fact that the game is called across Ireland as "The Clash of the Ash".
Ash is valuable as firewood because it burns well even when 'green' (freshly cut). Bark and ash leaf are used in modern herbal medicine for astringent and laxative substances.
Mythology
In Edda's 13th century and other writings related to Norse mythology, the mythical ash tree called Yggdrasil serves as the center of the world.
Folklore
It is noted that on the Isle of Bute in Scotland, lovers love to eat the ash tree foliage known as "Dreamin 'Tree " that grows near St. Blane's church and the beautiful dreams they experience later. reveal their true partner and destiny.
Cultivate
There are a number of cultivars including;
- Fraxinus is higher 'Aurea', traditional slow growing Golden Ash - not to be confused with 'Jaspidea'
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Aurea Pendula' (Crying Gold Ash)
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Autumn Blaze'
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Autumn Autumn'
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Crispa'
- Fraxinus is higher 'Diversifolia' (One-leaved Ash)
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Erosa'
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Modern and strong' Jaspidea 'A Golden Ash.
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Monophylla'
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Nana'
- Fraxinus is higher 'Pendula' (Weeping Ash), one of the most famous cultivars, was grown extensively during the Victorian era, growing passionately forming attractive small to medium-sized trees with a mound of murreted branches.
- Fraxinus gets higher 'Skyline'.
Gallery
Reference
External links
- higher - distribution map, genetic conservation unit and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Program (EUFORGEN)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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