Graphic design is the visual communication and troubleshooting process using one or more typography, photography, and illustrations. This field is considered part of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term "graphic design" is used synonymously. Graphic designers create and combine symbols, images, and text to form visual representations of ideas and messages. They use typography, visual art and page layout techniques to create a visual composition. Common uses of graphic design include company design (logo and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books), street or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, product packaging, and nameplate.
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Histori
The term graphic design was invented by William Addison Dwiggins in 1922. However, the origin of graphic design can be traced back to the origins of human existence, from the Lascaux caves, to the Trajan Column in Rome to the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, to the fluorescent lamps Ginza, Tokyo. In "Babylon, artisans suppressed pointed inscriptions into clay bricks or tablets used for construction, bricks giving information like the name of a ruling monarch, builder, or the other noble." This is the first known road sign announcing the name of the governor of a country or city mayor. The Egyptians developed communications with hieroglyphs that use the dated image symbol as far back as 136 B.C. found in the Rosetta Stone. "The Rosetta stone, invented by one of Napoleon's engineers is an advertisement for the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy as" the true Son of the Sun, the Father of the Moon, and the Keepers of Human Happiness. "" The Egyptians also found papyrus, paper made from reeds found in along the Nile, where they incised advertisements more commonly among their people at the time. During the "Dark Ages", from 500 AD to 1450 AD , bhikkhus created an elaborate illustrated manuscript.
Both in its long history and in the explosion of relatively recent visual communications in the 20th and 21st centuries, the distinction between advertising, art, graphic design and visual art has disappeared. They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages, and sometimes the same donor or client. In advertising, the main purpose is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the point is to give orders to information, to form ideas, expressions, and feelings for artefacts that document human experience."
Graphic design in the United States begins with Benjamin Franklin using his newspaper The Pennsylvania Gazette, to master the art of publicity to promote his own books and to influence the masses. "Benjamin Franklin's ingenuity grew stronger as his ingenuity and in 1737 he replaced his Pennsylvania counterpart Andrew Bradford as a postmaster and printer after a competition he held and won.He showed his greatness by advertising in his services.History and Chronology of British Plantation History in America (the predecessor of the Saturday Evening Post) which emphasizes the benefits offered by the stove he invented, his name is called Fireplace Pennsylvania.The discovery is still sold today and is known as Franklin stove . "
American ads originally mimicked British newspapers and magazines. Ads are printed in random types and uneven lines that make it hard to read. Franklin better manage this by adding a 14-point type to the first line of the ad; though then shortened and centered, make "headlines". Franklin added an illustration, something the London printer had never tried. Franklin was the first to utilize the logo, which was an early symbol that announced services such as optics by displaying golden glasses. Franklin teaches advertisers that the use of important detail in marketing their products. Some ads contain 10-20 lines, including the color, name, variety, and size of the items on offer.
Appearance of printing
During the Tang Dynasty (618-907) logs were cut for printing on textiles and then to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known textbook. Beginning in the 11th century, longer rolls and books were produced using moving type printing, making the book widely available during the Song dynasty (960-1279).
During the 17th-18th centuries this type of move was used for leaflets or trading cards printed from wood or copper carvings. These documents announce the business and its location. The British painter William Hogarth uses his expertise in engraving is one of the first to design for business commerce.
In Mainz Germany, in 1448, Johann Gutenberg introduced a moving type using a new metal alloy for use in a printing press and opened a new era of trade. This makes the charts more readily available because mass printing reduces the price of printed materials significantly. Previously, most ads were word of mouth. In France and England, for example, criers announced products for sale just as the ancient Romans did.
The printing press makes the book more widely available. Aldus Manutius developed the book structure that became the basis of the design of western publications. This graphic design era is called Humanist or Old Style. In addition, William Caxton, the first printer in England to produce religious books, but difficult to sell. He found the use of the remaining pages and used them to announce the books and post them on the church doors. This practice is called "squis" or a "pin up" poster, in about 1612, being the first form of print ads in Europe . The term Siquis comes from the Roman era when the public notice posted states that "if there is any..." , the Latin for "si quis" . This printed announcement is followed by a later public listing of wants called want ads and in some areas such as the first periodical ads in Paris called "advice". "Suggestions" are what we know today as want ad media or suggestion column .
In 1638 Harvard University received a printing press from England. More than 52 years passed before London book dealer Benjamin Harris received another printing press in Boston. Harris publishes the newspaper in serial form, 'Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick' . It was four pages long and pressed by the government after its first edition.
John Campbell is credited for the first newspaper, the Boston News-Letter, which appeared in 1704. The paper was known during the revolution as "Weeklies". The name comes from the 13 hours it takes for the ink to dry on each side of the paper. 'The solution is to first print the ads and then to print the news on the other side the day before the publication. The paper had four pages long having an advertisement on at least 20% -30% of the total paper, (page one and four) hot news was located on the inside. ' Initial use of Boston News-Letters solicited Campbell's own request for advertisements from readers. Campbell's first paid ads are in their third edition, May 7 or 8, 1704. Two of the first ads are for stolen bases. The third is for real estate in Oyster Bay, owned by William Bradford, a printer pioneer in New York, and the first to sell something of value. Bradford published his first newspaper in 1725, New York the first, The New York Gazette. Bradford's son preceded him in Philadelphia to publish American Weekly Mercury <171>. The Mercury and William Brooker Massachusetts Gazette , first published the day before. Design industry
At the end of the 19th century in Europe, especially in the UK, the first official publication of print design was released, marking the separation of graphic design from fine arts.
In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major powers in design education in the United Kingdom, informing the government of the importance of design in the Journal of Design and Manufacturing . He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian-style design.
From 1891 to 1896, William Morris' Kelmscott Press published some of the most important graphic design products of the Arts and Crafts movement, and created a lucrative business in creating and selling stylish books. Morris created the market for graphic design work in their own right and profession for this new type of art. The Kelmscott Press is characterized by an obsession with historical style. This historicism is the first significant reaction to the state of nineteenth-century graphic design. Morris's work, along with the rest of the Private Press movement, directly affects Art Nouveau.
Twenty-first century design
The term "graphic design" first appeared in print in the 1922 essay "New Print Call Type for New Design" by William Addison Dwiggins, an American book designer in the early 20th century. Raffe's Graphic Design , published in 1927, is the first book to use "Graphic Design" in its title.
The sign on the London Underground is an example of the classic design of the modern era and uses typography devised by Edward Johnston in 1916.
In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual production' in various fields of production. The movement sees individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thereby moves toward creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They design buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc.
Jan Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography . He then rejected the philosophy he endorsed in this book as fascism, but still influential. Tschichold, Bauhaus typologists such as Herbert Bayer and LÃÆ'¡szlÃÆ'³ Moholy-Nagy and El Lissitzky greatly influenced graphic design. They pioneered the production techniques and styling devices used throughout the twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in a modern style gaining widespread acceptance and application. The post-World War II economy of America reveals a greater need for graphic design, especially in advertising and packaging. The deployment of the German Bauhaus design school to Chicago in 1937 brought "mass-produced minimalism" to America; sparking "modern" architecture and design. Famous names in medieval modern design include Adrian Frutiger, typographic designer of Univers and Frutiger; Paul Rand, who took the Bauhaus principles and applied them to popular advertising and logo designs, helped create a unique American approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the main pioneers of the graphic design section known as corporate identity; Alex Steinweiss, credited with the discovery of the album cover; and Josef MÃÆ'¼ller-Brockmann, who designed the poster in a very understandable way typical of the 1950s and 1970s.
The professional graphic design industry grows parallel to consumerism. This raises concerns and criticism, especially from within the graphic design community with the First Things First manifesto. First launched by Ken Garland in 1964, reissued as the First Things First 2000 manifesto in 1999 in Emigre 51's magazine stating "We propose priority reversals for more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication - a transition of the mind from product marketing and to the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning The scope of the debate shrinks, it must develop.Consumerism goes unquestionably, it must be challenged by another perspective expressed, in part, through visual language and resources design. "Both editions drew signatures from practitioners and thinkers such as Rudy VanderLans, Erik Spiekermann, Ellen Lupton, and Rick Poynor. The 2000 Manifesto was also published in Adbusters, known for its strong criticism of the visual culture.
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Apps
Graphic design is applied to all visuals, from road signs to technical schemes, from interoffice memos to manual references.
Design can help in selling a product or idea. This applies to products and corporate identity elements such as logos, colors, packaging and text as part of branding (see also ads). Branding is becoming increasingly important in the variety of services offered by graphic designers. Graphic designers are often part of the branding team.
Graphic design is applied in the entertainment industry in decoration, scenery and story telling visually. Other examples of designs for entertainment purposes include novels, vinyl album covers, comic books, DVD covers, credit opening and credit closings in film making, and programs and props on stage. This can also include artwork used for T-shirts and other items printed on-screen for sale.
From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinions and facts is often enhanced by the graphics and composition of wise visual information - known as information design. Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and documentary films can use graphic design. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools are increasingly being used to illustrate the background for news. The design of information can include data visualization, which involves using the program to interpret and form the data into a visually appealing presentation, and can be linked to the information graph.
Skill
Graphic design projects may involve the stylization and presentation of existing text and either pre-existing imagery or images developed by graphic designers. Elements can be incorporated in traditional and digital forms, involving the use of visual arts, typography, and page layout techniques. Graphic designers set the page and optionally add graphical elements. Graphic designers can assign photographers or illustrators to create original pieces. Designers use digital tools, often referred to as interactive designs, or multimedia designs. Designers need communication skills to convince the audience and sell their designs.
"School processes" relating to communication; this highlights the channels and media in which messages are transmitted and where the sender and receiver encode and decode this message. The school of semiotics treats the message as a construction of signs that through interaction with the receiver, generating meaning; communication as an agent.
Typography
Typography includes the type of design, modify the type of glyphs and set the type. Type glyphs (characters) created and modified using illustration techniques. Type settings are typography selection, point size, tracking (space between all characters used), kerning (space between two particular characters) and leading (line spacing).
Typography is done by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors and administrative workers. Until the digital age, typography is a special job.
Page layout
The page layout is related to setting elements (content) on the page, such as image placement, text layout and style. Page design has always been a consideration in printed material and recently expanded to a web-like look. Elements usually consist of type (text), image (image), and (with print media) sometimes place-like graphics of diel lines for non-printed elements such as dead/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.
Printmaking
Graphic art is the process of making artwork by printing on paper and other materials or surfaces. This process is able to produce multiples of the same work, each called print. Every original mold, technically known as an impression. Molds are made from one original surface, technically a matrix. Common types of matrices include: metal plates, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; wooden beam for wood carving, linoleum for linocuts and cloth plates for screen printing. Works printed from one plate create editions, in modern times usually each signed and numbered to form a limited edition. Prints can be published in book form, as artist's book. One mold can be a product of one or many techniques.
In addition to technology, graphic design requires judgment and creativity. Critical, observational, quantitative and analytical thinking is required for layout and rendering design. If the implementer is only following a solution (eg sketches, scripts or instructions) provided by other designers (such as art directors), then the executor is usually not considered a designer.
Tools
Presentation methods (eg Settings, styles, media) are important for design. Development tools and presentations can change how the audience feels a project. Images or layouts are produced using traditional media and guides, or digital image editing tools on a computer. Tools in computer graphics often use traditional names like "scissors" or "pen". Some graphic design tools such as grids are used in both traditional and digital forms.
In the mid-1980s desktop publishing and graphic arts software applications introduced computer image manipulation and manufacturing capabilities that had previously been executed manually. The computer allows designers to immediately see the effects of layout or typographic changes, and to simulate the effects of traditional media. Traditional tools such as pencils can be useful even when the computer is used for finalization; a designer or art director can sketch many concepts as part of the creative process. Styluses can be used with tablet computers to digitally capture images.
Computers and software
Designers disagree as to whether computers improve the creative process. Some designers argue that computers allow them to explore some ideas quickly and in more detail than can be achieved by rendering or copying. While other designers find the unlimited choice of digital designs can lead to endless paralysis or endless iterations with no clear results.
Most designers use hybrid processes that combine traditional and computer-based technologies. First, a hand-rendered layout is used to gain approval to execute an idea, then a polished visual product is produced on the computer.
Graphic designers are expected to be proficient in software programs for image creation, typography and layout. Almost all the popular software programs and "industry standards" used by graphic designers since the early 1990s are products from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Photoshop (a raster-based photo editing program) and Adobe Illustrator (vector-based program for drawing) are often used in the final stages. Designers often use raster images and vector graphics that have been previously designed in their work from an online design database. Raster images can be edited in Adobe Photoshop, logos and illustrations in Adobe Illustrator, and end products collected in one of the main page layout programs, such as Adobe InDesign, Serif PagePlus, and QuarkXpress. A powerful open-source program (which is free) is also used by professionals and regular users for graphic design. These include Inkscape (for vector graphics), GIMP (for photo editing and image manipulation), Krita (for painting) and Scribus (for page layout).
Related Design Fields
Interface design
Since the advent of personal computers, many graphic designers have been involved in interface design, in an environment known as Graphical User Interface (GUI). This includes web design and software design, when the end user interactivity is the design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with an understanding of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers and web developers to create the look and feel of a website or software application. An important aspect of interface design is icon design.
Design user experience
The design of user experience is the study, analysis, and development of one's interaction with the company or its products.
Experimental graphic design
Experimental graphic design is the application of communication skills to the built environment. This graphic design area requires practitioners to understand the physical installation that must be produced and survive in the same environmental conditions as buildings. As such, it is a cross-disciplinary collaborative process involving designers, fabricators, city planners, architects, manufacturers and construction teams.
Experienced graphic designers try to solve problems people encounter when interacting with buildings and space. Examples of areas of practice for graphic designers of the environment are mirroring, structuring, branded environments, exhibitions and museum displays, public installations, and digital environments.
Jobs
The career path of graphic design covers all sections of the creative spectrum and often overlaps. Workers perform special tasks, such as design services, publishing, advertising and public relations. At 2015 the median payment is $ 53,316 per year. Main job titles in industry are often country specific. They can include graphic designers, art directors, creative directors, animators, and beginner-level production artists. Depending on the industry being served, the responsibilities may have different titles such as "DTP Associate" or "Graphic Artist". Responsibilities may involve specific skills such as illustration, photography, animation or interactive design.
Work in online project design is expected to increase by 35% by 2026, while jobs in traditional media, such as newspapers and book designs, are expected to fall by 22%. Graphic designers will be expected to continue learning new techniques, programs, and methods.
Graphic designers may work within companies designated specifically for industry, such as design consultants or branding agents, others may work in publishing, marketing, or other communications companies. Especially since the introduction of personal computers, many graphic designers work as designers in organizations that are not design-oriented. Graphic designers may also work freelancers, working on their own terms, prices, ideas, etc.
A graphic designer usually reports to art directors, creative directors or senior media creative. As designers become more senior, they spend less time designing and more time leading and directing other designers to broader creative activities, such as brand development and corporate identity development. They are often expected to interact more directly with clients, for example taking and interpreting briefs.
Crowdsourcing in graphic design
Jeff Howe of Wired Magazine first used the term "crowdsourcing" in his 2006 article, "The Rise of Crowdsourcing." It includes creative domains such as graphic design, architecture, clothing design, writing, illustrations, etc. Tasks can be assigned to individuals or groups and can be categorized as convergent or different. An example of a different task is to generate an alternative design for the poster. An example of a convergent task is to choose a poster design.
See also
Related areas
Related topics
References
Bibliography
- Fiell, Charlotte and Fiell, Peter (editor). Contemporary Graphic Design . Publisher Taschen, 2008. ISBNÃ, 978-3-8228-5269-9
- Wiedemann, Julius and Taborda, Felipe (editors). Latin American Graphic Design . Publisher Taschen, 2008. ISBNÃ, 978-3-8228-4035-1
External links
- Media related to Graphic design in Wikimedia Commons
- Universal Art Graphic Design - Documentary produced by Off Book
- Graphic Designers, entered into the Occupational Outlook Handbook from the Bureau of Labor Statistics from the United States Department of Labor
Graphic design video tutorials are required so that others like myself can learn.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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