Methylphenidate , sold under various trade names, Ritalin being one of the most commonly known, is a central nervous system stimulant (CNS) of the phenethylamine class and piperidine used in the treatment of attention disorders deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) and narcolepsy. The original patent is owned by CIBA, now Novartis Corporation. It was first licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1955 to treat what became known as hyperactivity.
Medical use began in 1960; drugs have become increasingly prescribed since the 1990s, when the diagnosis of ADHD became more widely accepted. Between 2007 and 2012, methylphenidate recipes increased 50% in the UK and by 2013 global methylphenidate consumption increased to 2.4 billion doses, an increase of 66% over the previous year. The United States continues to account for more than 80% of global consumption.
ADHD and other similar conditions are believed to be related to the sub-par performance of dopamine and norepinephrine function in the brain, especially in the prefrontal cortex, responsible for executive function (eg, reasoning, inhibiting behavior, regulating, problem solving, planning, etc.). The mechanism of action of methylphenidate involves inhibition of catecholamine reuptake, particularly as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Methylphenidate acts by blocking the dopamine transporter and norepinephrine transporter, which leads to increased concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. This effect in turn leads to increased neurotransmission of dopamine and norepinephrine. Methylphenidate is also a weak 5HT 1A receptor agonist.
Video Methylphenidate
Usage
Medical
Methylphenidate is a commonly prescribed psychostime and works by increasing the activity of the central nervous system. It produces effects such as improving or maintaining alertness, fighting fatigue, and increasing attention. The short-term benefits and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate are well established. Methylphenidate is not approved for children under the age of six. Methylphenidate may also be prescribed for off-label use in cases of bipolar disorder and depression-resistant depressive disorders.
Meta-analysis and systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies show that long-term treatment with ADHD stimulants (especially, amphetamine and methylphenidate) decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD. In addition, clinical stimulant study reviews have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term use of ADHD stimulants for individuals with ADHD. In particular, the effectiveness of ongoing treatment and safety of both amphetamine and methylphenidate has been demonstrated in controlled drug trials over a period of several years; However, the increased magnitude of ADHD symptoms and the quality of life produced by methylphenidate treatment remains unclear until November 2015.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Methylphenidate is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The addition of behavioral modification therapy may have additional benefits on treatment outcomes. The doses used may vary significantly among individuals; consequently, the dose should be titrated appropriately.
Current ADHD models suggest that this is associated with functional impairment in some brain neurotransmitter systems, especially those involving dopamine and norepinephrine. Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine may be effective in treating ADHD because they increase the activity of neurotransmitters in this system. About 70% of those using this stimulant see improvement in ADHD symptoms. Children with ADHD who use stimulant medications generally have better relationships with peers and family members, generally perform better in school, less impaired and impulsive, and have longer attention spans. People with ADHD have an increased risk of substance use disorders, and stimulant drugs reduce this risk. Several studies have shown that since ADHD diagnosis has increased significantly worldwide, drug use can cause more damage than is good in some populations with ADHD. This applies to people who are potentially experiencing different problems and misdiagnosed with ADHD. People in this category can then experience negative side effects from drugs that worsen their condition, and make it harder for them to receive adequate care because the providers around them may believe that the drug is adequate and the problem lies with the user.
Neuroprotective effects
Methylphenidate may provide possible protection from the destruction of methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurons and possible protection of Parkinson's disease according to 1 review. Methylphenidate has also been shown to increase brain plasticity in the rat amygdala and increase the rate of learning according to one study.
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy, a chronic sleep disorder characterized by daytime drowsiness and sudden sleeping needs, is primarily treated with stimulants. Methylphenidate is considered effective in raising awareness, alertness, and performance. Methylphenidate increases the measurement of somnolene in standard tests, such as Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), but performance does not improve to levels comparable to healthy controls.
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Methylphenidate may be used in addition to antidepressants for major refractory depressive disorders. It can also improve depression in some groups including stroke, cancer, and HIV-positive patients. However, the use of stimulants such as methylphenidate in cases of drug-resistant depression is controversial. Stimulants may have fewer side effects than tricyclic antidepressants in the elderly and medical illness. In individuals with terminal cancer, methylphenidate may be used to counter opioid-induced somnolene, to enhance opioid analgesic effects, to treat depression, and to improve cognitive function.
Methylphenidate and other stimulants are also used to increase vasoconstriction in the treatment of orthostatic intolerance (OI), autonomic/autonomic nervous system disorder (ANS).
Improved performance
By 2015, systematic review and high quality meta-analysis of clinical trials found that therapeutic doses of amphetamine and methylphenidate resulted in simple yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including working memory, episodic memory, and inhibitory control, in healthy normal adults; the cognitive enhancement effect of this drug is known to occur through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptors D 1 and adrenoceptor? 2 in the prefrontal cortex. Methylphenidate and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency and increase arousal. Stimulants such as amphetamines and methylphenidate can improve performance on difficult and tedious tasks and are used by some students as study and test aid. Based on studies of the use of self-reported self-reported stimulants, the use of performance enhancements, rather than being used as recreational drugs, is the main reason students use stimulants.
Excessive doses of methylphenidate, above the therapeutic range, may interfere with memory work and cognitive control. Like amphetamines and bupropion, methylphenidate increases stamina and endurance in humans primarily through reuptake inhibition of dopamine in the central nervous system. Similar to the loss of cognitive enhancement when using large quantities, large doses of methylphenidate may induce adverse events that interfere with athletic performance, such as rhabdomyolysis and hyperthermia. While the literature suggests it may improve cognition, most authors agree that recreational drug use as a study aid when ADHD diagnosis does not exist does not actually improve the GPA. In addition, it has been suggested that students who use drugs to learn may self-medicate for a deeper potential problem.
Use ethics for performance improvements
Methylphenidate is sometimes used by students to improve their mental abilities, improve their concentration and help them to learn.
John Harris, a bioethicist, says it's unethical to stop healthy people taking drugs. He shows non logical sequels to be generated if people have to make a parallel between the claims of a university that they can "deliberately set to increase the mental capacity of students, suppose the stated goal is to ensure that students leave the university smarter and educated than when they Then assume they further claim that not only can they achieve this but that their students will be more intelligent and mentally alert than all students in history. "He then asked the rhetorical question whether," if the claim is to be preserved, should we be happy? " He argues that it would be "irrational" and against human enhancement not to use drugs to improve people's cognitive abilities.
Barbara Sahakian believes that the use of Ritalin in this way can give students an unfair advantage in the exam and that as a result the university may wish to discuss making the students give a sample of urine to be tested for the drug.
Maps Methylphenidate
Contraindications
Methylphenidate is contraindicated for individuals who use monoamine oxidase inhibitors (eg, phenelzine and tranylcypromine), or individuals with agitation, tics, or glaucoma, or hypersensitivity to any ingredients contained in methylphenidate drugs.
The US FDA provides the methylphenidate of the C pregnancy category, and women are advised to use only the drug if its benefits outweigh its potential risks. Not enough research on animals and humans has been done to prove the effects of methylphenidate on the development of the fetus. In 2007, empirical literature included 63 cases of prenatal exposure to methylphenidate in three empirical studies.
Adverse effects
Methylphenidate is generally well tolerated. The most frequent side effects observed with greater frequency of placebo include loss of appetite, dry mouth, anxiety/nervousness, nausea, and insomnia. Gastrointestinal side effects may include abdominal pain and weight loss. Side effects of the nervous system may include akathisia (agitation/anxiety), irritability, dyskinesia (tics), lethargy (drowsiness/fatigue), and dizziness. Side effects of the heart may include palpitations, changes in blood pressure and heartbeat (usually mild), tachycardia (fast resting heart beat), and Raynaud's phenomenon (reducing blood flow to hands and feet). Opthalmological side effects may include blurred vision and dry eyes, with less frequent reports of diplopia and midriasis. Other side effects may include depression, unsteady emotions, confusion, and bruxism. Hyperhidrosis (increased sweating) is common. Chest pain is rarely observed.
There is some evidence of mild reduction in growth rates with long-term treatment in children, but no causal association has been established and the reduction does not seem to last long. Hypersensitivity (including skin rash, urticaria, and fever) is sometimes reported. The Daytrana patch has a much higher dermal reaction rate than oral methylphenidate.
Methylphenidate may exacerbate psychosis in psychotic patients, and in very rare cases it has been associated with the emergence of new psychotic symptoms. It should be used with extreme caution in patients with bipolar disorder due to potential induction of mania or hypomania. There is a very rare report about the idea of ​​suicide, but the evidence does not support the connection. Logorrhea is sometimes reported. Libido disorders, disorientation, and hallucinations are very rarely reported. Priapism is a very rare bad event that can be potentially serious.
USFDA-assigned studies from 2011 show that in children, young adults, and adults there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events (sudden death, heart attack, and stroke) and medical use of methylphenidate or other ADHD stimulants.
Because some side effects can only occur during chronic use of methylphenidate, constant monitoring for adverse events is recommended.
Overdose
The symptoms of moderate acute overdose in methylphenidate mainly arise from the overstimulation of the central nervous system; These symptoms include: vomiting, agitation, tremor, hyperreflexia, muscle twitching, euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, hyperthermia, sweating, redness, headache, tachycardia, cardiac palpitation, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, midriasis, and dryness of mucous membranes. Severe overdose may involve symptoms such as hyperpyrexia, sympathomimetic toxidrome, seizures, paranoia, stereotypes (repetitive motion disorders), rapid muscle damage, coma, and circulatory collapse. Overdose of methylphenidate is rarely fatal with proper treatment. Severe toxic reactions involving abscesses and necrosis have been reported after injection of methylphenidate tablets into the arteries.
Treatment of methylphenidate overdose usually involves the application of benzodiazepines, with antipsychotics, "adrenoceptor agonists, and propofol that serve as second-line therapy."
Dependency and addiction
The pharmacological texts describe methylphenidate as a stimulant with effects, addiction obligations, and dependency responsibilities similar to amphetamines, compounds with moderate accountability among addictive drugs; hence, addiction and psychological addiction is possible and possible when methylphenidate is used at high doses as recreational drugs. When used over a range of medical doses, the stimulant is associated with the development of stimulant psychosis. As with all addictive drugs, the excessive expression of Fosb in D1-type medium spiny neurons in nucleus accumbens is involved in methylphenidate addiction.
Methylphenidate has shown some benefits as a replacement therapy for an addicted individual and depends on methamphetamine. Methylphenidate and amphetamine have been studied as a chemical substitute for the treatment of cocaine addiction in the same way that methadone is used as a substitute for physical dependence on heroin. Its effectiveness in the treatment of cocaine or psychostimulant addiction or psychological dependence has not been proven and further research is needed.
Biomolecular mechanism
Methylphenidate has the potential to induce euphoria due to its pharmacodynamic effects (ie, inhibition of dopamine reuptake) in the brain reward system. In therapeutic doses, ADHD stimulants do not adequately activate the reward system, or the specific reward path, as far as necessary to cause a continuous increase in the expression of the FosB gene in the middle-spinal neuron of type D1 from the nucleus accumbens; consequently, when taken as directed in the doses normally prescribed for the treatment of ADHD, the use of methylphenidate does not have the capacity to cause addiction. However, when methylphenidate is used at fairly high recreational doses via biologically available administration routes (eg, insufflation or intravenous administration), especially for the use of drugs as euphoriant, Fos FosB accumulates in the nucleus accumbens. Therefore, like other addictive drugs, regular recreational use of methylphenidate at high doses eventually leads to "FosB overexpression" in D1 type neurons which then triggers a series of cascades of transcription-mediated signals that trigger addiction.
Interactions
Methylphenidate may inhibit the metabolism of coumarin anticoagulants, certain anticonvulsants, and some antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors). Concurrent administration may require dose adjustment, possibly assisted by monitoring of plasma drug concentrations. There are several reports of cases of serotonin syndrome that induce methylphenidate by administering antidepressants simultaneously.
When methylphenidate coincides with ethanol, a metabolite called ethylphenidate is formed by liver transesterification, not unlike the formation of cocaethylene liver from cocaine and alcohol. The reduced potency of ethylphenidate and its minor formation means not contributing to the pharmacological profile at therapeutic doses and even in case of overdose the concentration of ethylphenidate is still negligible.
Coingestion of alcohol (ethanol) also increases blood plasma levels of d-methylphenidate by up to 40%.
Liver toxicity of methylphenidate is very rare, but limited evidence suggests that intake of agonists -adrenergic with methylphenidate may increase the risk of liver toxicity.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Methylphenidate primarily acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine (NDRI) reuptake inhibitor. It is a benzylpiperidine and phenethylamine derivative that also shares part of its basic structure with catecholamines.
Methylphenidate is most active at the modulation level of dopamine (DA) and at a lower norepinephrine level. Methylphenidate binds and blocks the dopamine (DAT) transporter and norepinephrine transporter. Variability exists between the DAT blockade, and extracellular dopamine, leading to the hypothesis that methylphenidate reinforces dopamine basal activity, leading to nonresponse in those with basal low basal activity. On average, methylphenidate raises 3-4 times in dopamine and norepinephrine in the striatum and prefrontal cortex.
Both amphetamine and methylphenidate are mostly dopaminergic drugs, but their mechanisms work differently. Methylphenidate acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor while amphetamine is a dopamine and norepinephrine release agent and reuptake inhibitor. The mechanism of action of methylphenidate in the release of dopamine and norepinephrine is fundamentally different from most other phenethylamine derivatives, as methylphenidate is thought to increase the rate of neuronal combustion, while amphetamine reduces the rate of combustion, but causes the release of monoamines by reversing the flow of monoamines through monoamine transport through various mechanisms, including activation and modulation TAAR1 function VMAT2, among other mechanisms. The difference in the mechanism of action between methylphenidate and amphetamine results in the effect of amphetamine inhibition on monoamine transport when they are given co-ordinate.
Methylphenidate has both a dopamine transporter and a norepinephrine transporter affinity, with dextromethylphenidate enastomers displaying a prominent affinity for norepinephrine transporters. Both dextrorotary and levorotary enstittors exhibit receptor affinity for 5HT <5> sub sub subpages 1A and 5HT 2B , although direct binding to serotonin transporters is not observed. A study then confirmed d-threo- enantiomers binding to 5HT receptors 1A , but no significant activity on the 5HT receptor 2B was found.
Methylphenidate can protect neurons from the neurotoxic effects of Parkinson's disease and methamphetamine abuse. The mechanism of inhibition of neuroprotection through inhibition of methamphetamine/DAT interactions, and through reduction of cytosolic dopamine, which leads to decreased production of dopamine-related reactive oxygen species.
Dextrorotary enantiomers are significantly stronger than levorotary enantiomers, and some drugs therefore contain only dexmethylphenidate.
Methylphenidate has been identified as a sigma-1 receptor agonist in mice.
Pharmacokinetics
Methylphenidate taken orally has 11-52% bioavailability with a peak action duration of about 2-4 hours for instant release (ie Ritalin), 3-8 hours for continuous release (ie Ritalin SR), and 8-12 hours for extended release (ie Concerta). The half-life of methylphenidate is 2-3 hours, depending on the individual. The peak plasma time is about 2 hours.
Dextromethylphenidate is much more available than levomethylphenidate when administered orally, and is primarily responsible for the psychoactivity of racemic methylphenidate.
Contrary to expectations, take methylphenidate with the absorption of the feeding rate.
Methylphenidate is metabolized to ritalinic acid by CES1A1. Dextromethylphenidate is metabolized selectively at a slower rate than levomethylphenidate.
Chemistry
Four methylphenidate isomers are possible, since the molecule has two chiral centers. A pair of threo isomers and a pair of erythro are distinguished, whereby especially d-threo-methylphenidate exhibits a pharmacologically-desirable effect. The dieryeomer erythro is an amorphous pressor/amine, a property not shared with three diastereomers. When the drug was first introduced, it was sold as a 4: 1 mixture of erythro: threo diastereomers, but then reformulated to contain only the threo diastereomer. "TMP" refers to a threo product that does not contain erythro diastereomer, ie (Ã, Â ±) -threo-methylphenidate. Since the threo isom is preferably energetic, it is easy to destroy one of the unwanted erythro isomers. Drugs containing only dextrorotatory methylphenidate are sometimes called d-TMP, although this name is rarely used and is more commonly called dexmethylphenidate, d-MPH, or d-threo-methylphenidate. Reviews of pure enantiomeric synthesis (2 R , 2 ' R ) - () - threo -methylphenidate hydrochloride have been published.
Detection in biological fluid
The concentrations of methylphenidate or ritalinic acid, their primary metabolites, can be quantified in plasma, serum or whole blood to monitor adherence in those receiving therapeutic drugs, to confirm the diagnosis of potential toxicity victims or to assist in forensic investigations in cases of fatal overdose.
Pharmaceutical products
Name
Methylphenidate is produced in the United States, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Pakistan, and India. It is also sold in Canada, Australia, England, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Brazil, Portugal, Argentina, Thailand and some other European countries (albeit in much lower volume than in the United States). The brand names for methylphenidate include Ritalin, Concerta, Inspiral, Addwize, Aptensio, Biphentin, Daytrana, Equasym, Medikinet, Metadate, Methylin, and Quillivant. The generic form is produced by many pharmaceutical companies around the world.
Available form
Methylphenidate is available in various forms, and the physician will determine the right drug formulation to prescribe based on patient history, the doctor's experience of treating other patients with methylphenidate products, and the price/availability of the product. Current available forms include various tablets and capsules, transdermal patch transdermal system, and oral suspension (liquid syrup).
The dextrorotary enantiomers of methylphenidate, known as dexmethylphenidate, are sold as generic and under the brand name Focalin and Attenade both in direct release and extended release forms. In some of these situations it may be prescribed as a substitute for methylphenidate, but it has no significant advantage over methylphenidate at the dose of equipotent and is therefore sometimes regarded as an example of a treated drug.
Immediate release
Methylphenidate was initially available as an immediate release-release racemic formulation under the trademark Novartis Ritalin, although generic variety is now available, some under other brand names. Generic brand names include Ritalina, Rilatine, Attenta, Medikinet, Metadate, Methylin, Penid, Tranquilyn, and Rubifen.
Extended-release
The extended-release methylphenidate product includes:
The consecutive tablets are marked with the letter "ALZA" and are followed by: "18", "27", "36" or "54", corresponding to the strength of the mg dose. Approximately 22% of the immediate dose is released, and the remaining 78% of the dose is released for 10-12 hours after consumption, with an initial increase for the first 6 to 7 hours, and the subsequent reduction in the drug being released.
The Ritalin LA capsule is marked with the letter "NVR" (abbreviation: Novartis) and is followed by: "R20", "R30", or "R40", depending on the strength of the dose (mg). RitalinÃ, LA provides two standard doses - half the total dose released immediately and the other half released four hours later. In total, each capsule is effective for about eight hours.
The Metadate CD capsule contains two types of beads; 30% is a direct release, and the other 70% is continuous release evenly.
Quillivant XR is an extended-release oral suspension (after reconstitution with water): 25 mg per 5 mL (5 mg per mL). It is designed and patented and made by Pfizer. These drugs are available in various sizes from 60ml to 180ml (after reconstitution). Each bottle is delivered with the drug in powder form containing about 20% instant release and 80% extended methylphenidate release, which water should be added by the pharmacist in an amount corresponding to the total intended volume of the bottle. The bottle should be shaked firmly for ten seconds before giving through oral syringe is included to ensure proper ratio.
Cost
The generic methylphenidally released immediately is relatively inexpensive. The average wholesale cost is about US $ 0.15 per fixed daily dose (retail pharmacies usually charge more). However, the most expensive brand-name release tablets can be sold for $ 12.40 per daily dose determined.
There are two main reasons for this price difference:
- Generic formulations are cheaper than brand name formulations.
- The release tablets are soon cheaper than the 8-hour long release tablet, which is much cheaper than an extended 12 hour tablet.
History, society and culture
Methylphenidate was first synthesized in 1944, and was identified as a stimulant in 1954.
Methylphenidate is synthesized by the chemist Ciba (now Novartis) Leandro Panizzon. He named the drug after his wife, who was nicknamed Rita, who uses Ritalin to keep up with his low blood pressure.
Originally marketed as a mixture of two racemates, 80% (Ã, Â ±) -erythro and 20% (Ã, Â ±) -threo. Subsequent studies of racemates show that central stimulant activity is associated with racemic three galaxies and is focused on the separation and interconversion of the erythro isomers to the more active threo isomers.
Methylphenidate was first used to remove coma caused by barbiturate, narcolepsy, and depression. It was then used to treat memory deficits in the elderly. Beginning in the 1960s, it was used to treat children with ADHD or ADD, known at the time as hyperactivity or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) based on previous work beginning with a study by American psychiatrist Charles Bradley on the use of psychostimulant drugs, such as Benzedrine, later called "disabled children". The production and prescription of methylphenidate increased significantly in the 1990s, especially in the United States, as the diagnosis of ADHD became more widely understood and accepted more generally in the medical and mental health community.
In 2000, ALZA Corporation received the approval of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market "Concerta", an extended methylphenidate form. See the "Extensions" section of this article, above, for more information on Concerta.
Legal status
- Internationally, methylphenidate is a drug of Schedule II under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
- In the United States, methylphenidate is classified as a substance regulated by Schedule II, a term used for substances that have recognized medical value but presents a high potential for abuse.
- In the UK, methylphenidate is a controlled 'Class B' substance. Ownership without a prescription carries a penalty of up to 5 years or an unlimited fine, or both; supplying methylphenidate is 14 years or an unlimited fine, or both.
- In Canada, methylphenidate is listed in Schedule III of the Controlled and Illegal Drug and Materials Act to be owned without a prescription, with unlawful ownership punishable by up to three years in prison, or (through a summary conviction) up to one year in prison and/or a fine of up to two thousand dollars. Unlawful ownership for trading purposes may be sentenced to up to ten years in prison, or (through a brief conviction) to eighteen months in jail.
- In New Zealand, methylphenidate is a 'class B2 controlled substance'. Unlawful ownership may be punishable by six months imprisonment and distribution with a 14-year sentence.
- In Australia, methylphenidate is a 'Schedule 8' regulator. The medicines must be kept in a lockable safe until distributed and non-prescription ownership may be subject to fine and imprisonment.
- In Sweden, methylphenidate is a substance controlled by List II with a recognized medical value. Ownership without a prescription can be sentenced to up to three years in prison.
- In France, methylphenidate is protected by a "narcotics" schedule, prescription and distribution conditions limited by hospital-specific prescriptions for initial treatment and annual consultation.
- In India, methylphenidate is a drug X schedule and is controlled by the Drug and Cosmetics Regulations, 1945. It is administered only by prescription. By law, 2 grams of methylphenidate are classified as small quantities, and 50 grams as large quantities or commercially.
Controversy
Methylphenidate has been the subject of controversy in relation to its use in the treatment of ADHD. Psychostimulant medication prescriptions for children to reduce the symptoms of ADHD have been the main points of criticism. The notion that methylphenidate acts as a gateway drug has been discredited by various sources, which he says is very statistically low and "childhood stimulant therapy does not increase the risk for substance abuse and alcohol abuse later on." One study found that ADHD drugs were not associated with an increased risk of cigarette use, and in fact stimulant treatments such as Ritalin appeared to reduce this risk.
One of the highest uses of methylphenidate drugs is in Iceland where studies show that the drug is the substance most often abused among intravenous substance abusers. The study involved 108 users of IV substances and 88% of them had injected methylphenidate in the last 30 days and for 63% of them, methylphenidate was the most preferred substance.
ADHD treatment by methylphenidate has resulted in legal action, including malpractice clothing on informed consent, inadequate information about side effects, misdiagnosis, and coercive use of drugs by the school system.
In the US and UK, it is approved for use in children and adolescents. In the US, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of methylphenidate in 2008 for use in treating adult ADHD. In the UK, although not licensed for use in adult ADHD, NICE guides advise against using licenses for such conditions. Methylphenidate has been approved for adult use in the treatment of narcolepsy.
Research
Methylphenidate may be useful as an apathy treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. It may be useful in losing weight.
See also
Note
References
External links
- US. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Methylphenidate
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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