Pipeline transport

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Pipeline transport is the transport of goods or materials through pipes. The latest data from 2014 gives a total of less than 2,175,000 miles (3,500,000 km) of pipelines in 120 countries around the world. The United States has 65%, Russia has 8%, and Canada has 3%, so 75% of all pipes are in these three countries.

Pipeline and Gas Journal ' worldwide survey figures show that 118,623 miles (190,905 km) of pipeline is planned and under construction. Of these, 88,976 miles (143,193 km) are projects in the planning and design stages; 29,647 miles (47,712 km) reflects pipelines at various stages of construction. Liquids and gases are transported in pipes and stable chemicals can be sent through pipes. Channels exist for the transportation of crude and refined crude, fuels - such as oil, natural gas and biofuels - and other liquids including waste, porridge, water, and beer. Pipelines are useful for transporting water for long-distance drinking or irrigation when moving on a hill, or where canals or canals are a poor choice due to evaporation, pollution or environmental impact. Pneumatic tubes using compressed air can be used to transport dense capsules.

Oil pipelines are made of steel or plastic tubes that are usually buried. Oil is moved through the pipeline by the pumping station along the pipe. Natural gas (and similar gas fuels) are subjected to light pressure into a liquid known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGL). Natural gas pipes are constructed from carbon steel. Transportation of hydrogen pipes is the transport of hydrogen through a pipe. District heating or teleheating systems use isolated pipelines that carry hot water, pressurized hot water, or sometimes steam to customers.

Channels delivering flammable or explosive materials, such as natural gas or oil, create special security problems and there are various accidents. Channels can be targets of theft, vandalism, sabotage, or even terrorist attacks. In the war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks.

Video Pipeline transport

Oil and natural gas

It is uncertain when the first crude oil pipe was built. Credit for the development of pipeline transport is debatable, with competing claims for Vladimir Shukhov and the Branobel company at the end of the 19th century, and the Oil Transport Association, which first built a 2-inch (51 mm) wrought-iron pipe for 6- 7 km) trace from the oilfields of Pennsylvania to the railway station at Oil Creek, in the 1860s. Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large amounts of oil, distillates or natural gas products on the ground.

Natural gas (and similar gas fuels) are subjected to light pressure into a liquid known as Natural Gas Liquids (NGL). Small NGL processing facilities can be placed in oil fields so that butane and propane liquids under light pressure of 125 pounds per square inch (860 kPa), can be shipped by train, truck or pipe. Propane can be used as fuel in oil fields to heat various facilities used by oil drillers or equipment and trucks used in oil patches. EG: Propane will convert from gas to liquid under light pressure, 100 psi, give or receive depending on temperature, and pumped to cars and trucks at less than 125Ã, psi (860 kPa) at retail stations. The pipeline and railways use about twice that pressure to pump 250 psi (1,700 kPa).

The distance to the propane vessel to the market is much shorter, as thousands of natural gas processing plants are located in or near oil fields. Many Bakken Basin oil companies in the North Dakota gas field, Montana, Manitoba and Saskatchewan separate the NGL in the field, allowing drillers to sell propane directly to small traders, eliminating control of major refineries of products and prices for propane or butane.

The most recent major pipeline to begin operations in North America, is TransCanada's natural gas line to the north across the bridge of the Niagara region with Marcellus shale gas from Pennsylvania and others tied up in methane gas or natural gas sources to the province of Ontario in Canada as the fall of 2012, supplying 16 percent of all natural gas used in Ontario.

The newly supplied US natural gas replaces natural gas previously shipped to Ontario from western Canada in Alberta and Manitoba, thereby dropping the government-administered pipeline delivery cost because of the much shorter distance from gas sources to consumers. Compared to shipments by rail, pipelines have lower cost per unit and higher capacity. Channels are preferred for truck transport for a number of reasons. Employment on a complete pipeline represents only "1% of the trucking industry."

To avoid delays and regulations of the US government, many small, medium and large oil producers in North Dakota have decided to run an oil pipeline north to Canada to meet Canadian oil pipeline oil ship from west to east. This allows oil producers Bakken Basin and Three Forks to get higher negotiated prices for their oil because they will not be limited to just one wholesale market in the US. The distance from North Dakota's largest oil plot, in Williston, North Dakota, is only about 85 miles or 137 kilometers to the Canadian-US border and Manitoba. Mutual funds and joint ventures are big investors in new oil and gas pipelines. In the fall of 2012, the US began to export propane to Europe, known as LPG, because the wholesale price there is much higher than in North America. In addition, the pipeline is currently under construction from North Dakota to Illinois, commonly known as the Dakota Access Channel.

As more and more North American pipelines are built, even more exports of LNG, propane, butane, and other natural gas products occur on all three US coastlines. To provide insight, North Dakota Bakken regional oil production has grown by 600% from 2007 to 2015. North Dakota oil companies deliver large quantities of oil by train tanker trains as they can steer oil to markets that provide the best prices, and wagons trains can be used to avoid clogging oil pipes to get oil to different pipelines to get oil to market faster or to less busy refineries. However, the pipeline provides a cheaper means of transporting volume.

Enbridge in Canada is applying to reverse the oil pipeline from east to west (Line 9) and expand it and use it to send Canada's western bitumen oil to the east. Of the pipes currently rated equivalent to 250,000 barrels per day, it will be expanded to between one million to 1.3 million barrels per day. This will bring western oil to oil refineries in Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Quebec and New York in early 2014. New Brunswick will also repair some of Canada's western crude and export crude and refined oil to Europe from its deep ULCC oil. load port.

Although pipelines can be built under the sea, the process is economically and technically demanding, so that the majority of oil in the sea is transported by tankers. Similarly, it is often more economical to transport natural gas in the form of LNG, but the break-even point between LNG and pipeline will depend on the volume of natural gas and the distance traveled.

The Enbridge Sandpiper pipeline is proposed to transfer the precious oil from North Dakota West through northwest Minnesota. The pipe will be 24-30 inches in diameter. This will bring in more than 300,000 barrels of oil per day with 32 volatility.

Market growth

The market size for construction of oil and gas pipelines experienced tremendous growth before the economic crisis in 2008. After faltering in 2009, demand for pipeline expansion and renewal increased in the following year as energy production grew. By 2012, nearly 32,000 miles of North American pipes are being planned or under construction. When pipelines are constrained, the transport options of additional pipeline products may include the use of drag reducers, or by transporting products through trucks or trains.

Construction and operation

Oil pipelines are made of steel or plastic tubes with an inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches (100 to 1,220 mm). Most pipelines are usually buried at a depth of about 3 to 6 feet (0.91 to 1.83 m). To protect the pipe from impact, abrasion, and corrosion, various methods are used. These can include lagging wood (wooden slats), concrete lining, windshield, high-density polyethylene, imported sand, and padding machines.

Crude oil contains varying amounts of paraffin wax and in colder wax cluster buildup can occur in pipes. Often these pipes are inspected and cleaned using pigging, the practice of using a device known as "pig" to perform various maintenance operations on the pipeline. These devices are also known as "scrapers" or "Go-devils". "Smart pig" (also known as "smart" or "pig intelligence") is used to detect anomalies in pipes such as dents, metal loss caused by corrosion, cracks or other mechanical damage. The device is launched from a pig launch station and travels through the pipeline to be received downstream of other stations, either cleaning the wax deposits and materials that may have been accumulated inside the line or checking and recording channel conditions.

For natural gas, the pipe is constructed of carbon steel and its size varies from 2 to 60 inches (51 to 1,524 mm) in diameter, depending on the type of pipe. The gas is pressurized by the compressor station and odorless unless mixed with mercaptan odor where required by the governing authority.

Maps Pipeline transport

Ammonia

Very toxic ammonia is theoretically the most dangerous substance to be transported through long-distance pipes. However, incidents on ammonia transport lines are uncommon - unlike on industrial ammonia processing equipment. The main ammonia pipe line is the Ukrainian Transmission line that connects the TogliattiAzot facility in Russia to the Black Sea port in Odessa.

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Alcohol fuel

The pipeline has been used for transport of ethanol in Brazil, and there are several ethanol pipe projects in Brazil and the United States. The main problem associated with transporting ethanol by pipes is its corrosive nature and its tendency to absorb water and sewage in pipes, which is not a problem with oil and natural gas. Inadequate volume and cost effectiveness are other considerations that limit the construction of ethanol pipes.

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Coal and ore

Slurry pipelines are sometimes used to transport coal or ore from a mine. The material to be transported is mixed with water prior to introduction to the pipe; at the far end, the material should be dried. One example is a 525 kilometer (326 mi) slurry pipeline planned to transport iron ore from the Minas-Rio mine (yielding 26.5 million tons per year) to Brazil's AÃÆ'§u Port. An example is the 85-kilometer-long Savage River Slurry pipe in Tasmania, Australia, perhaps the first in the world when it was built in 1967. It covers a range of 366 meters (1,201 feet) at 167 meters (548 feet). ft) over the Savage River.

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Hydrogen

Transportation of hydrogen pipes is the transport of hydrogen through pipes as part of the hydrogen infrastructure. Transportation of hydrogen pipes is used to connect hydrogen production points or hydrogen delivery to the point of demand, with transportation costs similar to CNG, this technology is proven. Most hydrogen is produced on-demand with every 50 to 100 miles (160 km) of industrial production facilities. The 1938 Rhine-Ruhr 240-kilometer (150 million) hydrogen pipe is still operating. In 2004, there were 900 miles (1,400 km) of low-pressure hydrogen pipes in the US and 930 miles (1,500 km) in Europe.

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Water

Two thousand years ago, the ancient Romans used large waterways to transport water from higher altitudes by building waterways in segments that allowed gravity to push water until it reached its destination. These hundreds were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with flour mills were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The ancient Chinese also made use of pipes and pipelines for public works. The famous Han Dynasty court, Zhang Rang (189 AD) once ordered engineer Bi Lan to build a series of square-palette chain pumps outside the capital Luoyang. These chain pumps serve imperial palaces and residence in the capital when the water lifted by chain pumps is carried by the stoneware piping system.

Pipelines are useful for transporting water for long-distance drinking or irrigation when moving on a hill, or where canals or canals are a poor choice due to evaporation, pollution or environmental impact.

The 530 km (330Ã, mi) Goldfields Water Supply Scheme in Western Australia using 750 mm (30 inch inch) pipes and completed in 1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time.

Examples of significant water pipelines in South Australia are the pipeline Morgan-Whyalla pipelne (completed 1944) and Mannum-Adelaide (completed 1955), both part of the larger Snowy Mountains scheme.

There are two waterways of Los Angeles, California, Owens Valley waterways (completed in 1913) and the Second Los Angeles Waterway (completed in 1970) which also includes the use of a pipeline network extensive.

The Great Manmade River of Libya supplies 3,680,000 cubic meters (4,810,000 cubic) of water daily to Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte, and several other cities of Libya. These pipelines are over 2,800 kilometers (1,700 miles) long, and are connected to wells that tap the aquifers for more than 500 meters (1,600 feet) underground.

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Other systems

District heating

District heating or teleheating systems consists of isolated feed networks and back pipes that carry hot water, pressurized hot water, or sometimes steam to customers. When steam is hot and can be used in industrial processes due to higher temperatures, steam is less efficient to be produced and transported due to greater heat loss. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for economic and ecological reasons. The typical annual thermal energy loss through distribution is about 10%, as seen in Norwegian district heating networks.

District heating pipes are usually installed underground, with some exceptions. In the system, heat storage can be installed to meet peak load demand. Heat is transferred to central heating from residence through heat exchangers in hot substations, without mixing fluid in both systems.

Beer

The bar at the Veltins-Arena, a main soccer field in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is interconnected with a 5km (3.1 mi) beer pipe. In the town of Randers in Denmark, a pipe called Thor Beer operated. Initially, copper pipes flowed directly from the brewery, but when the brewery moved out of town in the 1990s, Thor Beer replaced it with a giant tank.

A three-kilometer beer pipeline was completed in Bruges, Belgium in September 2016 to reduce truck traffic on city streets.

Brine

The Hallstatt village of Austria, known for its long history of salt mining, claims it contains "the world's oldest industrial pipeline", since 1595. Built from 13,000 hollowed-out trees to transport saltwater 40 kilometers (25 miles) from Hallstatt to Ebensee.

Milk

Between 1978 and 1994, a 15km long dairy channel flowed between the Dutch island of Ameland and Holwerd on the mainland, where 8 km below the Wadden Sea. Every day, 30,000 liters of milk produced on the island are transported for processing on land. In 1994, milk transportation was abandoned.

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Sea pipeline

In some places, pipelines may have to traverse the water, such as small seas, straits and rivers. In many instances, they are completely lying on the seabed. These pipes are referred to as "marine" pipelines (also, "submarines" or "offshore pipelines"). They are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but water transport is also important. In offshore projects, differences are made between "flowline" and pipeline. The first is the intracear pipeline, in the sense that it is used to connect underground wells, manifolds and platforms within specific development fields. The latter, sometimes referred to as "export pipes", are used to bring resources to shore. The construction and maintenance of marine pipelines implies different logistical challenges from those on land, primarily due to the current wave and dynamics, along with other geohazards.

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Function

In general, pipelines can be classified into three categories depending on the objectives:

Collect pipelines

A smaller group of interconnected pipelines form a complex network aimed at bringing crude oil or natural gas from some of the closest wells to a processing plant or processing facility. In this group, the pipeline is usually short-a few hundred meters- and with a small diameter. Submarine pipelines to collect products from deep water production platforms are also considered collection systems.

Transport pipeline

Most long pipe with large diameter, moving products (oil, gas, processed products) between cities, countries and even continents. This transport network includes several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for raw and multi-product pipelines.

Distribution pipes

Consist of several interconnected pipelines with small diameter, used to bring the product to the final consumer. The feeder line to distribute gas to homes and downstream businesses. The pipeline at the terminal to distribute the products to the tanks and storage facilities is included in this group.

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Development and planning

When the pipeline is built, the construction project includes not only civil engineering work to lay pipes and build pumping stations/compressors, but it should also cover all work related to the installation of field devices that will support remote operations.

The pipeline is directed along what is known as the "right way". The pipeline is generally developed and built using the following steps:

1. Open season to determine market interest: Prospective customers are given the opportunity to register for a portion of the rights of new pipeline capacity.
2. Route selection (right of way)
3. Channel Design: The pipeline project can take several forms, including the construction of new pipelines, the conversion of existing pipelines from one type of fuel to another, or upgrades of facilities on the current pipeline route.
4. Obtaining approval: Once the design is completed and the first pipe customer has purchased their share of capacity, the project must be approved by the relevant regulatory agency.
5. Research the route
6. Delete route
7. Trenching - Main Route and Crossings (paths, rails, other pipes, etc.)
8. Install pipes
9. Install valves, intersections, etc.
10. Cover the pipes and trenches
11. Testing: After construction is completed, new pipes must be tested to ensure their structural integrity. This may include hydrostatic testing and line packing.

Russia has a "Pipeline Force" as part of the Rear Service, which is trained to build and repair pipelines. Russia is the only country that has Pipe Troops.

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Operation

Field tools are instrumentation, data collection units, and communication systems. Field instrumentation includes flow, pressure, and temperature/transmitter gauges, and other devices to measure the relevant data required. These instruments are installed along pipes in certain locations, such as injection or delivery stations, pumping stations (liquid pipelines) or compressor stations (gas pipelines), and block valve stations.

Information measured by field instruments is then collected at a local long-distance unit (RTU) unit that transfers field data to a central location in real time using a communications system, such as a satellite channel, a microwave connection, or a cell phone connection.

The pipeline is controlled and operated remotely, from what is commonly known as the "Main Control Room". In this center, all data associated with field measurements are consolidated in a central database. Data received from several RTUs along the pipeline. It is common to find RTUs installed at each station along the pipeline.

The SCADA System in the Main Control Room receives all field data and presents it to the pipeline operator through a set of screens or Human Machine Interface, indicating the operational conditions of the pipeline. The operator can monitor the channel hydraulic conditions, as well as send operational commands (open/close valves, turn on/off compressors or pumps, change setpoints, etc.) through the SCADA system to the field.

To optimize and secure the operation of these assets, some pipeline companies use the so-called "Advanced Pipeline Applications", which are software installed on top of SCADA systems, which provide additional functionality for leak detection, leak locations, batch tracking liquid), pig tracking, composition tracking, predictive modeling, forward-looking modeling, and operator training.

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Technology

Components

The pipeline consists of several parts of the equipment operating together to move the product from one location to another. The main elements of the pipeline system are:

Initial injection station

Also known as a "supply" or "inlet" station, is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the channel. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at this location.

Station compressor/pump

Pumps for liquid pipelines and compressors for gas pipelines, located along lanes to move products through pipes. The location of these stations is determined by the field topography, the type of product being transported, or the operational conditions of the network.

Partial shipping station

Also known as an "intermediate station", this facility allows the pipeline operator to deliver a portion of the transported product.

Block the valve station

This is the first line of protection for the pipeline. With this valve, the operator can isolate any segment of the track for maintenance work or isolate fault or leak. The valve station block is usually located every 20 to 30 miles (48 km), depending on the type of pipe. Although not a design rule, this is a very common practice in fluid pipes. The location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the channel.

Regulator station

This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some pressure from the channel. Regulators are usually on the downside of the peak.

The final delivery station

Also known as station "outlets" or terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to consumers. This could be a tank terminal for a liquid pipeline or connection to a distribution network for a gas pipeline.

Leak detection system

Since oil and gas pipelines are an important asset of economic development in almost all countries, it is necessary either by government regulations or internal policies to ensure the security of assets, and the population and environment in which these pipelines work.

The pipeline company faces government regulations, environmental constraints, and social situations. Government regulations may set minimum staff for operations, operator training requirements, pipeline facilities, technologies and applications necessary to ensure operational safety. For example, in Washington State, pipe operators must be able to detect and find leakage of 8 percent of the maximum flow within fifteen minutes or less. Social factors also affect the operation of pipelines. Product theft is sometimes also a problem for pipeline companies. In this case, the detection rate should be below two percent of the maximum flow, with high hopes for location accuracy.

Various technologies and strategies have been implemented to monitor pipelines, from physical walking to satellite monitoring. The most common technology to protect pipelines from occasional leaks is Computational Pipeline Monitoring or CPM. CPM takes information from fields related to pressure, flow, and temperature to estimate the hydraulic behavior of transported products. After the estimation is complete, the results are compared with other field references to detect the presence of anomalies or unexpected situations, which may be related to leakage.

The American Petroleum Institute has published several articles relating to CPM performance in liquid pipelines. API publications are:

• RAM 1130 - Monitoring of computational pipes for liquid pipelines
• API 1149 - Uncertainty of variable pipes & amp; its effect on leak detection capabilities

Where pipelines are loaded under the road or rail, they are usually covered in a protective sheath. This casing is released into the atmosphere to prevent accumulation of combustible gas or corrosive substances, and to allow air inside the casing to be sampled to detect leaks. The ventilation case, a pipe that protrudes from the ground, often serves as a warning marker called the vent marker casing .

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Implementation

Pipelines are generally placed underground because the temperature is less variable. Since pipes are usually made of metal, this helps reduce the expansion and depreciation that can occur with weather changes. However, in some cases it is necessary to cross the valley or river on the pipe bridge. Channels for centralized heating systems are often placed on the ground or overhead. The pipeline for petroleum flowing through permafrost areas such as the Trans-Alaska-Pipeline often runs overhead to avoid melting the frozen soil by hot oil which will lead to sinking of the pipe on the ground.

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Maintenance

Pipeline maintenance includes checking cathodic protection levels for proper coverage, supervision for construction, erosion or leakage by foot, ground vehicle, boat, or air, and running a cleaning pig, when something is carried in a corrosive pipe.

The US pipeline maintenance rules are covered under the section of the Federal Regulatory Code (CFR), 49 CFR 192 for natural gas pipelines, and 49 CFR 195 for petroleum fluid pipelines.

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Rule

In the US, offshore and offshore pipelines used to transport oil and gas are regulated by the Channel and Dangerous Safety Administration (PHMSA). Certain offshore pipelines used to produce oil and gas are regulated by the Minerals Management Service (MMS). In Canada, pipelines are governed by provincial regulators or, if they cross the provincial border or Canada-US border, by the National Energy Council (NEB). Government regulations in Canada and the United States require that buried oil pipes be protected from corrosion. Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is to use pipe coatings along with cathodic protection and technology to monitor the pipelines. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option. The layer is the only external protection.

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Channels and geopolitics

Channels for major energy resources (petroleum and natural gas) are not just trading elements. They are connected to international geopolitical and security issues as well, and the construction, placement, and control of oil and gas pipelines often stand out in the interests and actions of the state. A noteworthy example of pipeline politics occurred in early 2009, where a dispute between Russia and Ukraine on the grounds of price caused a major political crisis. Russia's state-owned gas company, Gazprom, cuts off natural gas supplies to Ukraine after talks between the Ukrainian and Ukrainian governments fail. In addition to cutting supplies to Ukraine, Russian gas flowing through Ukraine - which covers almost all supplies to Southeast Europe and some supplies to Central and Western Europe - is severed, creating a major crisis in some countries heavily dependent on Russian gas as fuel. Russia is accused of using disputes as a lever in its efforts to maintain other powers, and in particular the European Union, from interfering "near abroad".

Oil and gas pipelines are also prominent in Central Asian and Caucasian politics.

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Hazards identification

Since the solvent fraction of the dilat usually comprises volatile aromatics such as naphtha and benzene, rapid evaporation of carriers can be expected to follow spills on the ground - as if allowing timely intervention by leaving only viscous residues that are slow to migrate. An effective protocol for minimizing exposure to petrochemical steam is well established, and oil spills from pipes will not reach the aquifer unless incomplete remediation is followed by the introduction of other carriers (eg series of heavy rain).

The introduction of benzene and other volatile organic compounds (collectively BTEX) into the underground environment is a threat posed by pipeline leaks. Particularly if followed by rain, a pipeline violation will result in BTEX dissolution and benzene equilibrium in water, followed by percolating the mixture into the aquifer. Benzene can cause many health problems and is carcinogenic with the EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) set at 5? G/L for drinking water. Although not well studied, single benzene exposure events have been linked to acute carcinogenesis. In addition, the exposure of livestock, especially cattle, to benzene has been shown to cause many health problems, such as neurotoxicity, fetal damage and fatal poisoning.

The entire surface of the above ground pipe can be directly inspected for material offenses. The collected petroleum is unambiguous, easily visible, and indicates the location of the required improvement. Because the effectiveness of remote inspections is limited by the cost of monitoring equipment, the gap between sensors, and data requiring interpretation, small leaks in buried pipes can sometimes go undetected.

Pipeline developers do not always prioritize effective oversight of leaks. The buried tube attracts fewer complaints. They are isolated from extremes in room temperature, they are protected from ultraviolet light, and they are less exposed to photodegradation. Buried pipes are isolated from debris in the air, electric storms, tornadoes, hurricanes, hail, and acid rain. They are protected from nesting birds, wandering mammals, and trance. Buried pipes are less susceptible to accidental damage (eg car crashes) and less accessible to intruders, saboteurs, and terrorists.

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Exposure

Previous work has shown that the 'worst exposure scenario' can be limited to a set of specific conditions. Based on advanced detection methods and pipeline termination SOPs developed by TransCanada, the risk of substantive or large release in a short time contaminating groundwater with benzene is unlikely to occur. The detection, closure, and remediation procedures will limit the dissolution and transport of benzene. Therefore, benzene exposure will be limited to leaks that are below the detection limit and undetectable for extended periods of time. Leak detection is monitored through a SCADA system that assesses pressure and volume flow every 5 seconds. A pinhole leak that releases a small amount that can not be detected by a SCADA system (& lt; 1.5% flow) can accumulate into a substantive spill. Pinhole leak detection will come from visual or olfactory inspections, airborne surveys, or mass balance inconsistencies. It is estimated that a pinhole leak is found within a 14 day check interval, but the cover and snow location (eg remote, deep) may delay detection. Benzene usually forms 0.1 - 1.0% oil and will have varying levels of volatility and dissolution based on environmental factors.

Even with the pipe leakage volume within the SCADA detection limit, sometimes the pipeline leakage is misinterpreted by the pipeline operator into pump malfunctions, or other problems. The failure of the Enbridge Line 6B crude oil pipeline in Marshall, Michigan on July 25, 2010 is considered by the operator in Edmonton to be derived from the separation of the dilbit column in the pipe. Leaks in the wetlands along the Kalamazoo River were only confirmed 17 hours after it occurred by employees of a local gas company in Michigan.

Spill frequency-volume

Although the Channel and Dangerous Goods Safety Administration (PHMSA) has a standard base incident frequency to estimate the number of spills, TransCanada alters these assumptions based on improved pipe design, operation and safety. Whether this adjustment is justified is debatable because this assumption yields nearly 10 times the decrease in the estimated spill. Given that the pipeline crosses 247 miles of Ogallala Aquifer, or 14.5% of the entire length of the pipe, and the 50-year life of the entire pipeline is expected to have between 11 to 91 spills, about 1.6 to 13.2 spills can be expected to occur above aquifers. The estimated 13.2 spills above the aquifer, each lasting 14 days, yielded 184 days of potential exposure during the 50 year lifetime of the pipe. In the worst exposure scenario exposed, the volume of pinhole leakage at 1.5% of the maximum flow rate for 14 days has been estimated at 189,000 barrels or 7.9 million gallons of oil. According to the PHMSA incident database, only 0.5% of all spills in the last 10 years &> 10,000 barrels.

The fate and transportation of benzene

Benzene is considered to be a mild aromatic hydrocarbon with high solubility and high volatility. It is not clear how temperature and depth will affect the volatility of benzene, so the assumption has been made that benzene in oil (1% by weight of volume) will not evaporate before equilibrating with water. Using the octanol-water partition coefficient and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, the worst estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is thought to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of clumps through the groundwater system is not well explained, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in Ogallala Aquifer can be contaminated with benzene in concentrations above MCL. The Final Environmental Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs does not include quantitative analysis because it is assumed that most benzene will evaporate.

Troubleshooting spill trouble splits previous

One of the main concerns about dilbit is the difficulty in cleaning it. Enbridge Line 6B, a 30-inch crude oil pipe, which broke out in Marshall, Michigan on July 25, 2010, mentioned above, spilling at least 843,000 gallons of dile. After detecting leaks, explosions and vacuum trucks are deployed. Heavy rains caused the river to overwhelm the existing dam, and to carry 30 miles downstream before the spill was contained. The remediation work garnered more than 1.1 million gallons of oil and nearly 200,000 cubic meters of oil contaminated with sediment and debris from the Kalamazoo River system. However, oil is still found in affected waters in October 2012.

Dangers

Accident

Channels that deliver flammable or explosive materials, such as natural gas or oil, create special security problems.

• 1965 - A 32-inch gas transmission pipeline, north of Natchitoches, Louisiana, belonging to Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from a crack corrosion crack failure on March 4, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 houses 450 meters from broken pieces. This accident, and others at the time, led President Lyndon B. Johnson at the time to request the establishment of a national pipeline security agency in 1967. The same pipe also exploded on May 9, 1955, only 930 feet (280 m) from the 1965 failure.
• June 16, 1976 - Gas pipeline damaged by road construction crew in Los Angeles, California. Gasoline is sprayed all over the area, and immediately ignited, killing nine people, and injuring at least 14 others. The confusion over the pipe depth in the construction area appears to be a factor in the accident.
• June 4, 1989 - Ufa train disaster: Sparks from two passing trains blew gas leaks from LPG pipes near Ufa, Russia. At least 575 people were reported killed.
• October 17, 1998 - 1998 Jesse pipeline explosion: An oil pipeline exploded in Jesse in the Niger Delta in Nigeria, killing about 1,200 villagers, some pawing for gasoline.
• June 10, 1999 - A broken pipeline at Bellingham, Washington's park led to the release of 277,200 gallons of gasoline. Gasoline was lit, causing an explosion that killed two children and one adult. Misoperation of the pipeline and previously undetected parts of the previously detected pipe are identified as the cause of failure.
• August 19, 2000 - Natural gas pipeline broke out and fire near Carlsbad, New Mexico; This explosion and fire killed 12 members of a large family. The cause is due to severe internal corrosion of the pipeline.
• July 30, 2004 - A large natural gas pipeline exploded in Ghislenghien, Belgium near Ath (thirty kilometers southwest of Brussels), killing at least 24 people and causing 132 people to be injured, some critical.
• May 12, 2006 - An oil pipeline broke out outside Lagos, Nigeria. Up to 200 people may have been killed. See Nigeria's oil explosion.
• November 1, 2007 - A propane pipe exploded near Carmichael, Mississippi, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Meridian, Mississippi. Two people were killed instantly and four others wounded. Several houses were destroyed and sixty families were displaced. The pipeline is owned by Enterprise Products Partners LP, and operates from Mont Belvieu, Texas, to Apex, North Carolina. The inability to find flaws on the pre-1971 ERW stitching defect of the welding pipe is a contributing factor to the accident.
• September 9, 2010 - 2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion: 30-inch diameter high pressure gas pipe owned by Pacific Gas & amp; The electricity exploded in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood 2 m (3.2 km) west of San Francisco International Airport, killing 8 people, wounding 58, and destroying 38 homes. Poor quality control of used & amp; construction is called a factor in accidents.
• June 27, 2014 - An explosion occurred after a natural gas pipeline broke out in the village of Nagaram, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India causing 16 deaths and destroying "houses".
• July 31, 2014 - On the night of July 31, a series of explosions from an underground gas pipeline took place in the city of Kaohsiung. Leaking gas fills the sewer along several main roads and the resulting explosion alters several kilometers of road surface into deep trenches, sending vehicles and debris high into the air and lighting a fire over a large area. At least 32 people were killed and 321 wounded.

As a target

The pipeline can be a target of vandalism, sabotage, or even a terrorist attack. In warfare, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as the destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt the logistics of the enemy.

See also

References

• Tubb, Rita. "Worldwide Pipe Construction 2012" (PDF) . www.api.org/. Oildom Publishing Company from Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved September 6, 2016 .

External links

• News of the pipe and industry magazine
• Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Market, and Supply Route, by Mikkal E. Herberg et al. (National Bureau of Asian Research, 2010)
• The Dolphin Project: Development of the Gulf Gas Initiative, by Justin Dargin, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Working Paper Jan 2008, NG # 22
• United Kingdom - Linewatch - a joint awareness initiative between 14 oil and gas pipeline operators
• "Undersea Gas Pipe Underwater Undersea" November 1951 article on the first underwater pipeline built in the US and problems encountered
• "The Marvels Of Underground Oil Railroads" Popular Science April 1937
• Construction and delivery of compressor stations for gas pipelines in USSR by AEG (company video from 1970s with translation)
• Gas Pipe Safety: More Guidance and Information Required before Using Risk-Based Repetition Intervals: Reports to Congressional Committees Government Accountability Office

Source of the article : Wikipedia