trucks or lorry are motor vehicles designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, strength, and configuration; smaller varieties may be mechanically similar to some cars. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful, and can be configured to install special equipment, such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers and suction excavators.
Modern trucks are mostly powered by diesel engines, although small to medium-sized trucks with gasoline engines exist in the US, Canada and Mexico. In the European Union, vehicles with a coarse combination mass of up to 3.5 t (7,700 pounds) are known as light commercial vehicles, and larger vehicles.
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Histori
Steam wagon
Trucks and cars have the same ancestor: steam-powered fardier Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot was built in 1769. However, the steam train was not common until the mid-1800s. The streets of that time, built for horses and carriages, limited these vehicles to a very short distance, usually from a factory to a nearby train station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, coupled with a steam tractor produced by De Dion-Bouton. Steam-powered carts were sold in France and the United States until the end of World War I, and in 1935 in England, when changes to road tax rules made them uneconomical to new diesel trucks.
Internal burning
In 1895 Karl Benz designed and built the first truck in history using an internal combustion engine. Later that year some Benz trucks were modified into the first bus by Netphener , the first motorcycle company in history. A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler. Other companies, such as Peugeot, Renault and BÃÆ'¼ssing, are also building their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 and is available with a choice of 5 or 8 horsepower.
Trucks of the day mostly use two-cylinder engines and have a carrying capacity of 3,300 to 4,400 pounds (1.5 to 2 Â °). In 1904, 700 heavy trucks were built in the United States, 1000 in 1907, 6000 in 1910, and 25,000 in 1914.
After World War I, several advances were made: pneumatic tires replaced the previously common full rubber version. Electrical starter, electric brakes, 4, 6, and 8 cylinder, closed cabin, and electric lighting follow. The first modern semi-trailer truck also appeared. Tourists like Ford and Renault cars are entering the heavy truck market.
Diesel engine
Although it was discovered in 1897, diesel engines were not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, it took longer for the diesel engine to be accepted: the gasoline engine was still used on large trucks in the 1970s.
Etymology
Truck is used in American English, and is common in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Pakistan and South Africa, while lorry is equivalent in English English, and is a common term in countries such as Britain, Ireland, Malaysia, Singapore and India.
The word "truck" may come from the "truckle" rear formation, which means "small wheel" or "pulley", from Middle English trokell , in turn from Latin trochlea . Another possible source is Latin trochus , which means "iron circle". In turn, both sources are derived from the Greek trokhos (??????), which means "wheel", of trekhein (???????, "to run").
The first known use of the "truck" was in 1611, when it referred to the strong little wheels of the ship's cannon vessels. In its wider use, it refers to the cart to carry heavy loads, a meaning known since 1771. The expanded application for "motorized load carriers" has been used since 1930, abbreviated from "motor truck", originating from 1901.
"Lorry" has a more uncertain origin, but may have its roots in the rail transport industry, where it was known to have been used in 1838 to refer to the type of truck (wagons as in British usage, not bogie as in America) especially large flat carts. It may come from the verb lurry (to draw, draw) from uncertain origin. The expanded meaning, "self-propelled vehicles to carry things", has been used since 1911. Before that, the word "lorry" was used for some kind of large horse-drawn cart.
International variances
In the United States, Canada, and Philippine "trucks" are usually reserved for commercial vehicles larger than ordinary cars, and include pickups and other vehicles that have open beds. In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the word "truck" is mostly reserved for larger vehicles; in Australia and New Zealand, pickup trucks are usually called ute (short for "utilities"), while in South Africa it is called bakkie (Afrikaans: "small open containers"). In the United Kingdom, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ireland, and Hong Kong lori are used instead of truck , but only for medium and heavy types.
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Truck type by size
Super light truck
Often produced as a variation of a golf cart, with internal combustion or battery electric propulsion, it is commonly used for off-street use in plantations, golf courses, and parks. Although not suitable for use on roads, some variations may be licensed as slow-speed vehicles for street operations, generally as variations of electric vehicle bodies in the environment. Some manufactures produce special chassis for this type of vehicle, while Zap Motors markets their electric xebra bicycle version (licensed in the US as a motorcycle).
Very light truck
Popular in Europe and Asia, many mini trucks are lightweight factory car rebuilders, usually with monocoque bodies. Special designs with large frames like Piaggio Italia shown here are based on Japanese design (in this case by Daihatsu) and popular for use in the "old town" section of European cities that often have very narrow passageways.
Regardless of the name, these small trucks serve a variety of uses. In Japan, they are regulated under the laws of Kei cars, which allow vehicle owners to break in taxes to purchase smaller and less powerful vehicles (currently, engines are limited to 660 cc displacement). This vehicle is used as an on-road utility vehicle in Japan. Japanese-made mini-trucks for use on the road compete with off-road ATVs in the United States, and import regulations require mini trucks to have a 25 mph speed regulator (40 km/h) as they are classified as low-speed vehicles. These vehicles have found utility in construction, major campuses (government, universities, and industry), farms, farms, amusement parks, and golf cart substitutes.
Large mini truck manufacturers and their brands:
- Daihatsu Hijet
- Honda Acty
- Tata Ace
- Mazda Scrum
- Mitsubishi Minicab
- Subaru Sambar
- Suzuki Carry
Light truck
Lightweight car-sized trucks (in the US, no more than 13,900 pounds (6.3Ã, t) and used by individuals and businesses alike.In the EU they may not weigh more than 3.5Ã, t (7,700 £), and allowed to drive by driver's license for cars Pickup trucks, called utes in Australia and New Zealand, are common in North America and some regions in Latin America, Asia and Africa but not in Europe, where the commercial size of these vehicles most often made as a van.
Medium truck
Trucks are larger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 13,000 and 33,000 pounds (5.9 and 15.0 t). For UK and EU, weighs between 3.5 to 7.5 t (7,700 to 16,500 pounds). Local delivery and public services (dump trucks, garbage trucks and fire trucks) are usually located around this size.
Heavy truck
Large trucks are the largest on-road truck, Class 8. This includes vocational applications such as garbage trucks, concrete pump trucks, and trash hauling, as well as 4x2 and 6ÃÆ'-4 long distance tractor units that are everywhere.
Road and wear damage is increasing rapidly with axle weight. The number of steering axles and suspension types also affects the number of street wear. In many countries with good roads, a six-axle truck may have a maximum weight of 44 t (97,000 pounds) or more.
Off-road truck
Off-road trucks include standard, extra-highway transport trucks, usually equipped with off-road features such as front axle driving and special tires for applications such as logging and construction, and custom made off-road vehicles not limited by weight limits, such as the Liebherr T 282B mining truck.
Maximum size by country
Australia has elaborate rules on weight and length, including wheelbase, axle/shaft groups, rear overhangs, trailer backbones, drawbar length, ground clearance, and height and width laws. This limit is the highest in the world, B-double can weigh 62.5 tons (138,000 pounds) and 25 m (82 ft) in length, and railroads used in the interior can weigh 172 tonnes (379,000 pounds). ) and its length is 53.5 m (176Ã, ft).
The European Union also has complex rules. The number and distance of axle, steering, single or double tire, and suspension type all affect the maximum weight. Length of truck, trailer, from axle to hitch point, padlock to trailer back, and turning radius are all set. In addition, there are specific rules to bring containers, and countries can set their own rules for local traffic.
The United States The Federal Bridge Law discusses the relationship between the gross weight of the truck, the amount of axle, the weight and the distance between the truck's own truck on the Interstate highway system. Each State determines the maximum allowable vehicle, combination, and axle weight on state and local roads.
Design
Almost all trucks share common construction: they are made of chassis, cabs, areas to place cargo or equipment, axles, suspensions and roadwheels, engines and drivetrain. Pneumatic, hydraulic, water, and electric systems can also be present. Many also attract one or more trailers or semi-trailers.
Cab
The cabin is an enclosed space where the driver sits. "The bed" is a compartment attached or integrated with a cabin where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in a semi-trailer truck.
There are several possible taxi configurations:
- "Cab over engine" (COE) or "flat nose"; in which the driver sits on the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where the overall length of the truck is strictly regulated, but it is also used extensively throughout the world. They were common in heavy-duty North American trucks, but lost their lead when the length allowed was extended in the early 1980s. Nevertheless, this design is still popular in North America among medium and light trucks. To reach the engine, all taxis tilt forward, get this design name "tilt-cab". This type of cab is ideal for European shipping conditions where many paths follow a much more ancient path and track layout requiring additional turning capabilities provided by the short wheelbase of the cab over the machine type. The COE design was created by Viktor Schreckengost.
- Conventional taxis are the most common in North America and Australia, and are known in the UK as "American taxis" and in the Netherlands as "torpedo cabs". The driver sits behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Many new taxis are very efficient, with beveled hoods and other features for low drag. The
- Cab design beside the engine also exists, but is rather rare and is mainly used within the delivery yard, or the use of other specialists requiring vehicles to carry long loads such as pipes, metal rods, flat irons and construction materials others. This type is often custom-made from a regular rental truck that makes the top half of the cabin disposed on the passenger side and replaced by an extended part of the bed.
The next step of this is a side loading forklift that can be described as a custom made vehicle of the same nature as this type of truck, in addition to the ability to take on its own load.
Engine
Most small trucks like sport utility vehicles (SUVs) or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China and Russia use gasoline engines, but many diesel-engined models are now produced. Most heavier trucks use four-stroke diesel engines with turbochargers and intercoolers. The large off-highway truck uses a locomotive type engine like a Detroit Diesel V12 engine two steps away. Diesel engines are the preferred engines for trucks ranging from grade 3 to 8 GVW. Most garbage trucks in the United States use CNG (compressed natural gas) engines for low fuel costs and reduced carbon emissions.
North American highway trucks often use machines built by third parties, such as CAT, Cummins, or Detroit Diesel, but both Mack and Navistar offer their own machines.
In the EU, all new truck engines must comply with the EuroÃ, VI emission regulations.
Drivetrain
Small trucks use the same type of transmission as most cars, have automatic transmissions or manual transmissions with synchromesh (alignment). Larger trucks often use manual transmission without syncing, saving a lot and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Uncommon transmission, known as a "collision case", requires multiple coupling for each shift, (which can cause repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known as "floating", a method of changing gear that does not use a clutch, except for start and stop , due to the physical effort of the double clutch, especially with the non-power-assisted clutch, faster shift, and less clutch wear.
Double coupling allows the driver to control engine speed and transmission to synchronize, so that subtle shifts can be made; for example, when the tooth raises, accelerator pedal is removed and the clutch pedal is pressed while the transmission lever is moved to neutral, the clutch pedal is then removed and rapidly pressed again while the transmission lever is moved to the next higher gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal is pressed down to get the required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or more when the transmission is in a neutral state, this allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine speed and transmission relative to the speed of the road. Tooth decay is done in the same way, unless the engine speed is now required to increase (while the transmission is neutral) only in the right amount to achieve synchronization for smooth and non-colliding gear changes. "Skip change" is also widely used; in principle the operation is equal to double-coupling, but requires a neutral held slightly longer than a single tooth change.
Common settings in North America include speeds of 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18. Automatic and semi-automatic transmission for large trucks is becoming increasingly common, due to advances in both transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, 12 and 16 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmissions, while automatic or semi-automatic transmissions will have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of "range and split" (double-shift H pattern), where the change range and the so-called half-gear or split is air operated and always selected before the primary dental election.
Frame
The truck frame consists of two square or box-shaped rails or C-shaped, or beams, which are joined together by the cross member. These frames are referred to as ladder frames because of their resemblance to the ladder if at the end. The rail consists of a high vertical section (two if squares) and two shorter horizontal flanges. The vertical section height provides opposition to the vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame (resistance beam). Although usually flat along the length of the heavy duty truck, the rails are sometimes tapered or curved for leeway around the engine or above the axle. The holes in the rails are used both to install vehicle components and run cables and hoses, or measure and adjust rail orientation at the plant or workshop.
Frames are usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or partial) of aluminum for lighter weight. A tow bar can be found attached to one or both ends, but large trucks almost always take advantage of the fifth wheel barrier.
Body Type
Cooling Trucks have insulated panels as walls and roofs and floors, used to transport cargo fresh and frozen like ice cream, food, vegetables, and prescription drugs. They are mostly equipped with double rear wing doors, but side doors are sometimes installed.
Box trucks ("tilts" in the UK) have walls and roofs, making the chamber close. The back has a door to dismantle; side doors are sometimes installed.
Concrete mixer has a rotating drum on an italic axis, spins in one direction to mix, and on the other to release concrete slabs. Due to the heavy requirements and drum strength and rough construction site, the mixer must be a very heavy task.
Dump trucks ("tippers" in the UK) transport loose materials such as sand, gravel, or dirt for construction. A typical dump truck has an open box bed, which is hinged in the back and raised in front, allowing the material in the bed to be lowered ("thrown") on the ground behind the truck.
The pick up truck has an entirely flat platform body. This allows quick and easy loading but does not have protection for the load. Hanging or removable sides are sometimes installed.
Semi-tractors ("artics" in the UK) has a fifth wheel to pull a semi-trailer rather than a body.
Tank Trucks ("tankers" in the UK) are designed to carry liquids or gases. They usually have a cylindrical tank horizontally on top of the chassis. Many variants exist because of the various liquids and gases that can be transported.
Wreckers ("recovery trucks" in the UK) are used to recover and/or attract defective vehicles. They are usually equipped with a boom with cables; wheel/chassis lifts are becoming more common in newer trucks.
Sales and sales issues
Manufacturer
Trucking markets worldwide
Driving
In many countries, driving a truck requires a special driving license. Requirements and limitations vary with each of the different jurisdictions.
Australia
In Australia, a truckers license is required for each motor vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM) exceeding 4.5Ã, t (9,900 lb). The class of motor vehicles is further expanded as:
- Combination
- HC : Combination Weight, combination of prime movers plus semi-trailer.
- MC : Multi Combinations, for example, Ã, BÃ, Doubles/carriage
- Rigid
- LR : Rigid light: rigid vehicle with GVM over 4.5 t (9,900 pounds) but no more than 8 t (17,600 pounds). Each towed trailer should not weigh more than 9 t (20,000 bb) of GVM.
- MR : Medium tough: rigid vehicle with 2 axles and GVM over 8 t (17,600 lb). Each towed trailer should not weigh more than 9 t (20,000 Â £ lb) GVM. Also includes vehicles in the LR class.
- HR : Heavy Rigid: rigid vehicle with three axles or more and GVM over 8 t (£ 18,000). Each towed trailer should not weigh more than 9 t (20,000 Â £ lb) GVM. Also includes articulated buses and vehicles in MR class.
- Heavy vehicle transmission
There are also severe vehicle transmission conditions for the HC , HR , or MC license classes that pass the tests in vehicles equipped with automatic or synchromesh transmissions; driver licenses will be limited to class vehicles equipped with synchromesh or automatic transmissions. In order for this condition to be removed, one must pass a practical driving test in a vehicle with a non-synchromesh transmission (constant mesh nets or crash boxes). Europe
Driving licensing has been aligned across the EU (and almost all non-member countries of Europe), so it's common, although complicated rules apply in Europe (see European SIM). As an overview, to drive vehicles weighing more than 7.5 t (16,500 pounds) for commercial purposes, specialist licenses are required (varies in type depending on vehicle usage and number of seats). For the license first obtained after 1997, the weight was reduced to 3.5 t (7,700 pounds), excluding the trailer.
India
There are about 5 million truckers in India.
South Africa
To drive any vehicle with GVM exceeding 3.5Ã, t (7,700Ã, lb), required driver C1 code drivers. Furthermore, if a vehicle exceeds 16 t (35,300 pounds) of C code license becomes necessary.
To drive any vehicle in South Africa by withdrawing a trailer with a GVM of more than 7.5 t (16,500 pounds), further restrictions apply and the driver must have a suitable license for GVM of the combined total as well as articulation support. This is indicated by the letter "E" that precedes the license code.
In addition, any vehicle designed to carry goods or passengers may only be encouraged by drivers who have a Public Driver's License, (or PrDP) of the applicable type. This is an additional license added to the operator's DL card and is subject to an annual extension unlike the five-year renewal period of the normal license.
Requirements to get different classes below.
- "G": Required for the carriage of general goods, requiring the examination of criminal records and the cost of issuing and renewing.
- "P": Required for transport of paying passengers, requiring a closer examination of criminal records, other than that the driver must be over 21 at the time of issue. Prgram Class G will be published at the same time.
- "D": Required for the transport of hazardous materials, requiring all checks equal to class P. In addition, the driver must be over 25 at the time of issue.
United States
In the United States, a commercial driver license is required to mobilize all types of commercial vehicles weighing 26,001 lb (11.8 t) or more. The federal government regulates how many hours a driver can work, how much rest and sleep time is required (eg, 11 hours of driving/14 hours of service followed by 10 hours off, with a maximum of 70 hours/8 days or 60 hours/7 days, 34 hour restart) Violations are often subject to significant penalties. Instruments for tracking each driver's hour must sometimes be installed. In 2006, the US truck industry employed 1.8 million heavy truck drivers.
Environmental effects
Trucks contribute to air pollution, noise, and water just like cars. Trucks can emit lower air pollution emissions than cars per equivalent vehicle mass, although absolute levels per vehicle mileage are higher, and diesel particles are problematic for health. EPA measures pollution from trucks. Due to noise pollution, trucks issue a much higher sound level at all speeds than regular cars; This contrast is very strong with heavy duty trucks. There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound emitted. Continuous sounds are the sounds of the tires rolling down the highway, and the constant buzzing of their diesel engines at highway speeds. The less frequent, but perhaps more noticeable, sounds are things like sharp-pitched whistles repeated from turbochargers during acceleration, or sudden bursts of brake retarder exhaust as they traverse downgrades. There has been noise regulation applied to help control where and when the use of engine braking retarders is allowed.
Concern has been raised about truck's impact on the environment, especially as part of the global warming debate. In the period 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.
In 2005, transportation accounted for 27% of US greenhouse gas emissions, rising faster than other sectors.
Between 1985 and 2004, in the United States, energy consumption in freight transport increased almost 53%, while the number of tonnes brought up only 43%.
According to US government estimates in 1995, the cost of energy to transport a ton of goods with an average distance of one kilometer 337 kJ for water, 221 kJ for trains, 2,000 kJ for trucks, and nearly 13,000 kJ for air transport. Many environmental organizations support legislation and incentives to encourage the transition from road to rail, particularly in Europe.
The European Parliament moves to ensure that charges on heavy goods vehicles must be based on the air pollution and noise they generate and the congestion they cause, according to the law approved by the Transport Committee. The Eurovignette scheme has been proposed, where new charges will potentially be imposed on such things as noise and air pollution as well as weight-related damage from the lorries themselves.
Tractor & amp; 60 ton Trailer at 80 km/h requires 168 kW: 41% (68 kW) to overcome rolling resistance, 38% (64 kW) for aerodynamic drag, 9% (15 kW) for auxiliaries, 7% (12 kW) for driveline & amp; tires and 6% (10 kW) lost in rising/falling hysteresis.
Operation issue
Tax
Commercial trucks in the US pay higher road usage taxes at the state level than other road vehicles, and are subject to extensive regulations. Some of the reasons commercial trucks pay higher road usage taxes: they are bigger and heavier than most other vehicles, and cause more damage and hourly damage on the road; and their trucks and drivers are on the road for more hours per day. The rules about tax use differ among jurisdictions.
Damage to the sidewalk
The life of the sidewalk is measured by the number of passages of the vehicle's axle. This can be evaluated using the Load Equivalency Factor, which states that the damage by the vehicle's axle path is proportional to the 4th power of the weight, so that a ten-tonne axle consumes 10,000 times the pavement life as a tonne. Therefore, trucks are loaded with thousands of cars in pavement costs, and are subject to higher taxes and highway tolls.
Commercial insurance
Protection of the main liability insurance protects the truck from damage or injury to others as a result of a truck accident. Coverage of this truck insurance is mandated by US state and federal agencies, and proof of warranty is required to be sent to them. State interstate trucks in the US are required to have a minimum of $ 75,000 in liability insurance. This includes motor vehicle carriers with a gross weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds (4.5 Â °) (which carries non-hazardous materials). All vehicles transporting vehicles carrying materials that are classified as hazardous, and those with a gross weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds (4.5 tons) shall have a minimum of $ 1,000,000 in liability insurance. All motor vehicle carriers such as hopper-type cargo vehicles or tankers with a capacity of more than 3,500 US gal (13,000 l) must have a minimum of $ 5,000,000 in liability insurance. Price depends on region, driving record, and history of truck operations.
Motorcycle truck cargo insurance protects the transporter for its responsibility in case of damaged or lost items. Policies are purchased with maximum payload per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $ 10,000 to $ 100,000 or more. The price for this insurance mainly depends on the type of cargo being transported.
Truck accidents
In 2002 and 2004, there were more than 5,000 deaths associated with truck accidents in the United States. The truck industry has made significant efforts in improving safety regulations. In 2008 the industry has managed to reduce the mortality rate to more than 4,000 deaths. But truck accidents are still a problem that causes thousands of deaths and injuries every year. About 6,000 truck accidents happen every year in the United States. Death is not the only problem caused by a truck accident. Here are some of the environmental issues that arise with a truck accident:
- 14.4% of truck accidents cause spillage
- 6.5% causes an open flame
Following the increasing pressure of Cities Fit For Cycling's "The Cities Fit For Cycling" campaign and from other media in Spring 2012, a warning sign is now displayed on the back of many HGVs. These signs are directed against common types of accidents that occur when large vehicles turn left at the intersection: cyclists who try to pass nearby can be blocked with HGV wheels, especially if the driver can not see the cyclist. Signs, such as the winning design of InTANDEM road safety competition that was launched in March 2012, advocate extra care when passing large vehicles nearby.
Truck event
In the UK, three very popular truck shows - the Shropshire Truck Show at the Oswestry Showground during May, The UK Truck Show was held in June at Santa Pod Raceway, and the FIA ​​Drag Racing European Champions from the European Drag-Racing house. UK Truck Show has a drag-racing feature with a 6 ton truck from the British Truck Racing Association, plus other diesel-powered entertainment.
In Mexico, the ANPACT Autotransporte - Truck Show is known as one of the largest in the region; The 2013 edition features the celebrity truck driver, Lisa Kelly.
Truck events give operators an opportunity to win awards for their trucks.
See also
References
External links
- Truck on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Federal Motor Car Transportation Administration
- Different truck sizes and classes in the UK
- Hutchinson, Jr., Rollin W. (January 1912). "Motor Trucks - The New Freighters: Service Faster And More Reliable, Clean And Less Solid City, Sample Concrete Saves". World Work: Our Time History . XXIII: 268-187 . Retrieved July 10 2009 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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