Dentistry is a branch of medicine consisting of research, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and oral conditions, generally in the teeth but also the oral mucosa, and adjacent and related structures and networks, maxillofacial area (jaw and face). Although mainly related to dental use among the general public, the field of dentistry or dentistry is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including temporomandibular support structures and others.
Dentistry is often also understood to include current stochology medical specialties that are no longer in use (the study of the mouth and its disorders and illness) which is the reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain areas.
Dental treatment is performed by the dental team, which often consists of dentists and dental assistants (dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dentalists). Most dentists work in private practice (primary care), dental hospital or secondary care institutions (prisons, armed forces bases, etc.).
The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidences dating from 7000 BC. The remainder of the earliest Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilization (BC)
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Terminology
The term dentistry comes from dentist , which comes from the French dentiste , which is derived from French and Latin for teeth. The term for dental-related scientific studies is odontology (from Ancient Greece ????? (odoÃÆ'ºs, "tooth")) - studies of the structure, development, and abnormality of teeth.
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Dental care
Dentistry usually includes practices associated with the oral cavity. According to the World Health Organization, oral disease is a major public health problem because of its high incidence and prevalence worldwide, with disadvantaged groups being affected more than other socioeconomic groups.
The majority of dental care is performed to prevent or treat the two most common oral diseases: dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease (gum disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve tooth recovery, removal or removal of teeth, scaling and root planing and endodontic root canal treatment.
All dentists in the United States underwent at least three years of undergraduate study, but almost all completed a bachelor's degree. The school is followed by four years of dental school to qualify as a "Dental Surgeon" (DDS) or "Dentist Doctor" (DMD). Dentists need to complete additional qualifications or continue education for more complex treatments such as sedation, oral and maxillary surgery, and dental implants.
With their general training properties, they can perform most dental care such as restorations (fillings, crowns, bridges), prosthetic (dentures), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal therapy (gums), and tooth extractions, , radiography (x-rays), and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe drugs such as antibiotics, tranquilizers, and other drugs used in patient management.
Dentists also encourage the prevention of oral diseases through good and regular hygiene, twice a year, examinations for professional cleaning and evaluation. Infections and oral inflammation can affect health and overall conditions in the oral cavity may be an indication of systemic disease, such as osteoporosis, diabetes, celiac disease or cancer. Many studies also show that gum disease is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, and premature birth. The concept that oral health can affect systemic health and illness is referred to as "oral-systemic health".
Education and licensing
John M. Harris started the first dental school in the world in Bainbridge, Ohio, and helped establish dentistry as a health profession. Opened on February 21, 1828, and today is a tooth museum. The first dental college, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in Baltimore, Maryland, USA in 1840. The second in the United States was the Philadelphia Dental Surgery College, founded in 1852. In 1907, Temple University accepted an offer to merge schools.
Studies show that dentists who graduate from different countries, or even from different dental schools in one country, can make different clinical decisions for the same clinical conditions. For example, dentists who graduate from Israeli dental schools may recommend the removal of third molars (molars) that are asymptomatic more often than dentists who graduate from Latin America or Eastern European dentistry.
In the United Kingdom, the 1878 British Dentists Act and 1879 Dentists Register restrict the titles of "dentists" and "dental surgeons" to qualified and registered practitioners. However, others may legally describe themselves as "dental experts" or "dental consultants". The practice of dentistry in England became fully regulated by the Dental Act of 1921, which required the registration of anyone practicing dentistry. The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, plays a major role in demanding a practice dentist illegally. Dentists in the UK are now governed by the General Dental Council.
In Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Finland, Sweden, Brazil, Chile, USA, and Canada, a dentist is a health care professional qualified for dental practice after graduating with a Dentist or Dentist DMD). This is equivalent to Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent, BChD, BDSc) given in the UK and Commonwealth countries of England. In most western countries, to become a qualified dentist usually must complete at least four years of postgraduate study; in the EU education should be at least five years. Dentists usually complete between five and eight years of post-secondary education before practicing. Although not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residency that focuses on certain aspects of dental care once they receive their dentist's degree.
Specialization
Some dentists conduct further training after their initial degree to specialize. Exactly recognized by the dental registration agency varies by location. Examples include:
- Community dental hygiene - A study of epidemiology and social health policies relevant to oral health.
- Conservative and endodontic dentistry: Art and science restore dental form and function when damaged by caries and non caries lesions affecting the teeth, before root or pulp involvement is referred to as conservative dentistry. When the root canal is involved, the specialty is known as endodontic. This special degree is awarded in India.
- Endodontics (also called endodontology) - Root canal therapy and dental pulp disease and periapical tissue studies.
- Forensic Odontology - Collection and use of dental evidence in law. This can be done by a dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of forensic dentists is mainly documentation and identity verification.
- Geriatric or Geriodontic Dentistry - Delivery of dental care for older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.
- Oral and maxillofacial pathology - Study, diagnosis, and occasionally treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
- Oral and maxillofacial radiology - Radiological and maxillofacial disease studies and interpretations.
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery (also called oral surgery) - Extraction, implant, and jaw, mouth, and facial surgery.
- Oral biology - Dental and craniofacial biology research
- Oral Implantology - Arts and science replaces teeth extracted with dental implants.
- Oral medication - Clinical evaluation and diagnosis of oral mucosal disease
- Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics - Dental deformation and midface modification and mandibular growth.
- Child dentistry (also called pedodontic) - Dentistry for children
- Periodontology (also called periodontics) - Study and treatment of periodontal disease (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants
- Prosthodontics (also called dental prosthetic) - Dentures, bridges and implant recovery. Some prosthodontists continue their training in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics", which is a discipline associated with the replacement of missing facial structures, such as the ears, eyes, nose, etc.
- Special needs dentists (also called special dental care) - Dentistry for those with developmental disabilities and acquired.
- Animal dentistry, veterinary specialties - Dentistry applied to animal care.
History
Low tooth decay in pre-farm communities, the growth of agricultural communities around 10,000 years ago correlates with increased tooth decay (cavities). Italian infected teeth partially cleansed with stone tools, between 13,820 and 14,160 years old, are the oldest known dentists, although a 2017 study shows that 130,000 years ago Neanderthals were already using basic dental devices. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) has produced evidence of dentistry practiced as far back as 7000 BC. An IVC site in Mehrgarh shows that the form of dentistry involved curing tooth disorders associated with arc exercises is operated, presumably, by skilled bead craftsmen. The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry shows that the method used is reliable and effective. The earliest dental filling, made of beeswax, is found in Slovenia and originated 6500 years ago. Dentistry was practiced in prehistoric Malta, as evidenced by a skull that had a longitudinal abscess from a tooth root dating back to about 2500 BC.
An ancient Sumerian texts describe "worm gear" as the cause of dental caries. Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. This worm legend is also found in Homer's writings, and until the 14th century AD, surgeon Guy de Chauliac still promotes the belief that worms cause tooth decay.
Recipes for the treatment of toothache, infections and loose teeth are spread throughout Ebers Papyrus, Kahun Papyri, Brugsch Papyrus, and Hearst papyrus from Ancient Egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which probably reflects earlier manuscripts since 3000 BC, discusses the treatment of jaws that are dislocated or broken. In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referred to the tooth extraction twice as it relates to punishment. Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans revealed the early attempts of prosthetic teeth. However, prosthetic may be prepared after death for aesthetic reasons.
Ancient Greek clergy Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including patterns of dental eruptions, caring for decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with pliers, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and cracked jaws. Some say the first use of dental equipment or bridges originated from Etruscans as early as 700 BC. In ancient Egypt, Hesy-Ra was the first named "dentist" (the biggest teeth). The Egyptians bind the replacement tooth along with the gold wire. Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote many about mouth diseases and dental treatments such as emollients and astringents containing narcotics. The earliest tooth extraction was first documented in the Tang Dynasty medical script written by Chinese physician Su Kung in 659, and appeared in Germany in 1528.
Historically, tooth extraction has been used to treat various diseases. During the Middle Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not the profession itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general practitioners. Barbers usually limit their practice to extracting teeth that relieve the associated chronic pain and chronic infection. The instruments used for tooth extraction came from centuries ago. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac was most likely to find pelikan teeth (resembling pelican beaks) used to extraction teeth until the end of the 18th century. The pelicans were replaced by a tooth key which, in turn, was replaced by modern day counterparts in the 19th century.
The first book focusing only on dentistry was "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530, and the first dentist written in English was called "Operator for Teeth" by Charles Allen in 1685.
In the UK there was no formal qualification for dental providers until 1859 and only in 1921 dentistry practice was limited to those who qualified professionals. The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that there were more than twice as many registered dentists per 10,000 population in the UK than in 1921.
Modern dentistry
It was between 1650 and 1800 that modern dentistry was developed. British physician Thomas Browne in his book Letter to a Friend ( c. 1656 pub. 1690) makes early gears of observation with humor typical:
The Egyptian mummies I have seen, have opened their mouths, and are somewhat open, giving a good opportunity to see and observe their Teeth, which is not difficult to find desire or decay: and therefore in Egypt, where one man is practiced but one Operation, or Diseases but from Single Sections, it must be a barren Profession to the limit with Dental images, and slightly better than has Tooth drawer for the King of Turquoise, which has two on its head.
The French surgeon, Pierre Fauchard, is known as the "father of modern dentistry". Despite the limitations of primitive surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Fauchard was a highly skilled surgeon who made incredible improvisations of dental instruments, often adapting tools from watchmakers, jewelers and even barbers, which he thought could be used in dentistry.. He introduced dental fillings as a treatment for cavities. He asserted that sugars such as tartaric acid are responsible for tooth decay, and also suggest that tumors around the teeth and in the gums may appear in the late stages of tooth decay.
Fauchard is a pioneer of dental prostheses, and he found many methods to replace missing teeth. He suggested that replacements could be made from ivory blocks or carved bones. He also introduced braces, although originally made of gold, he found that the position of the teeth can be corrected because the teeth will follow the cable pattern. Yarn wax or silk thread is usually used to tie braces. His contribution to the world of dental science consists mainly of 1728 publications Le chirurgien dentiste or The Surgeon Dentist. French texts include "basic anatomy and oral function, dental construction, and various surgical and restorative techniques, and effectively separate the dentistry from the broader surgical category".
After Fauchard, dentistry studies thrive. Two important books, Human Dental History (1771) and Practical Treatise on Dentistry (1778), published by British surgeon John Hunter. In 1763 he entered a period of collaboration with London-based dentist, James Spence. He began theorizing about the possibility of dental transplants from one person to another. He realized that the possibility of a successful tooth transplant (at least, at least) would improve if donor teeth were as possible and suitable for size with the receiver. These principles are still used in transplantation of internal organs. Hunter undertook a series of pioneering operations, in which he attempted to transplant his teeth. Although donated teeth never bind to a recipient gum, one Hunter patient states that he has three that last for six years, a remarkable achievement for that period.
Major advances were made in the 19th century, and dentistry evolved from trade into professions. This profession was under government regulation at the end of the 19th century. In Britain, the Dentist Act was passed in 1878 and the British Dental Association was formed in 1879. That same year, Francis Brodie Imlach was the first dentist to be elected President of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), promoting dentistry to the equivalent with clinical surgery for the first time.
Dangers in modern dentistry
Long-term workplace noise exposure can cause permanent hearing loss, called noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus. Noise exposure can cause excessive stimulation of the auditory mechanism, which damages the delicate structure of the inner ear. NIHL can occur when a person is exposed to a sound level above 90 dBA in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA). The regulation states that the allowed level of noise exposure for individuals is 90 dBA. For the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the exposure limit is set to 85 dBA. Exposure below 85 dBA is not considered dangerous. The deadline is placed on how long a person can stay in an environment above 85 dBA before causing hearing loss. OSHA places that limit on 8 hours for 85 dBA. The exposure time becomes shorter when the dBA level increases.
In the field of dentistry, various cleaning tools are used including piezoelectric and sonic scalars, and ultrasonic cleaners and cleaners. While most tools do not exceed 75 dBA, prolonged exposure over the years may cause hearing loss or tinnitus complaints. Some dentists have reported using personal hearing protection devices, which can offset the potential for hearing loss or tinnitus.
See also
- List of dental organizations
Note
References
External links
- Dentistry in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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