- For rates given by Soviet institutions, see the Doctor of Sciences.
Doctor of Science (Latin: Scientiae Doctor ), usually abbreviated Sc.D. , D.Sc. , SD , or DS , is an academic research degree awarded in a number of countries around the world. In some countries, "Doctor of Science" is a title used for a standard doctoral degree in science; elsewhere Sc.D. is a "higher doctor" given in recognition of his substantial and ongoing contributions to the scientific knowledge beyond that required for a PhD. It can also be awarded as a title of honor.
Video Doctor of Science
Afrika
Aljazair dan Maroko
In Algeria, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia, all universities are accredited by the "Doctor" state awards in all fields of science and humanities, equivalent to PhDs in the United States or the United Kingdom.
Some universities in these four Arab countries provide the title of "Doctor of the State" in several fields of study and science. A "Doctor of the State" is slightly higher in awards than ordinary doctoral, and is awarded after additional incremental postdoctoral research or accomplishment.
Maps Doctor of Science
Asia
China, Japan and South Korea.
In these countries it is usually Sc.D./D.Sc. equivalent to Ph.D. in science and obtained at the Graduate School after a satisfactory evaluation of knowledge, research achievement and defense.
Thai
Higher education institutions in Thailand generally provide Ph.D. for a research doctorate, except for some universities such as Chulalongkorn University award D.Sc. Except, Mahidol University may award a Ph.D. and D.Sc. Doctoral students in the Science Faculty are always awarded Ph.D., but several other programs award the D.Sc.
Uzbekistan
The higher education institution in Uzbekistan also provides D.Sc. level. For example, the National University of Uzbekistan and the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences offer D.Sc. in various fields.
Europe
Austria Austria, Germany, and Switzerland
In Germany, Austria, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the most common doctoral degrees in Natural Sciences are as follows:
- Dr rer. nat: Doctor rerum naturalium, literally "Doctor about the things of nature"
- Dr rer. pol.: Doctor rerum politicarum, Doctor of economics, business administration, or political science
- Dr rer. medical: Doctor rerum medicarum, Doctor of medicine
- Dr sc. grout. Doctor der Naturwissenschaften, Doctor of Natural Sciences
- Dr sc. ETH: Doctor der Naturwissenschaften ETH, Doctor of Natural Sciences, awarded by ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
- Dr phil. grout. Doctor philosophiae naturalist, used only by Goethe University Frankfurt, not Dr. rer. grout.
- Dr-Ing.: Doctor der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Doctor of Engineering), awarded by German engineering university.
- Dr mont: Doctor rerum montanarum, awarded by MontanuniversitÃÆ'¤t Leoben instead of Dr. techn.
- Dr. techn.: Doctor technicae, awarded by Austrian engineering university.
In these countries there are several doctorates associated with very similar names, these are:
- Dr sc. agr.: Doctor scientiarum agrariarum, Doctor of Agricultural sciences
- Dr sc. hum.: Doctor scientiarum humanarum, Doctor of Humanistic Sciences
- Dr sc. inf.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum, Doctor of Science in Informatics
- Dr sc. inf.med.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum medicÃÆ'Â|, Doctor of Medical Science Informatics
- Dr sc. inf.biomed.: Doctor scientiarum informaticarum biomedicÃÆ'Â|, Doctor of Biomedical Information Science
- Dr sc. mathematics: Doctor scientiarum mathematicarum, Doctor of Mathematics
- Dr scient. med.: Doctor scientiÃÆ'Â| medicÃÆ'Â|, Doctor of Medical Sciences
- Dr sc. mus.: Doctor scientiae musicae, Doctor of Musicology
- Dr sc. oec.: Doctor scientiarum oeconomicarum, Doctor of Economics
- Dr sc. pol.: Doctor scientiarum politicarum, Doctor of Political Science
- Dr sc. soc.: Doctor scientiae socialis, Doctor of Social Sciences
All these doctoral degrees are equivalent to a Ph.D. or Sc.D. of the American system. Until Germany Reunification, the university in East Germany was also awarded Dr.Sc. However, Dr.Sc. East Germany is not equivalent to a Ph.D. because it was adopted to replace the German Habilitation and is therefore equivalent to this higher level qualification. After reunification, Habilitation was reintroduced at universities in East Germany.
Habilitation procedures are usually required to officially accept "venia docendi", which entitles candidates to university ( Privatdozent , for men, or Privatdozentin , for women). The academic level after successful habilitation is eg. Dr.rer.nat.habil., By adding the suffix "habil." to a previously accepted Doctor degree.
In Switzerland, Dr. sc. is a doctorate awarded only by two Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL and ETHZ), University of Friborg and the University of Informatics Department of Zurich. The Swiss Dr. sc., Like D.Sc. in the US, equivalent to a PhD. This is obtained with the approval of the committee on the basis of genuine research, publications, and extensive professional contributions and is awarded in science and technology programs at the doctoral level. Since 2004, Dr. sc. is the only doctorate awarded by ETH Zurich. ÃÆ' â € ° cole polytechnique fÃÆ' Â © dÃÆ' Â © rale de Lausanne awarded Doctorur ÃÆ'ss doctoral degree, abbreviated Dr ÃÆ'¨s sc. and translated into English as a PhD.
Polish
In Poland "Doctor of Sciences" (pl who is a doctor) is equivalent to a Ph.D. The degree in Poland is similar to that given in Germany.
Doctorate is always translated into English as a PhD. Just as in Germany and Austria - habilitation ( doctors habilitowany or dr hab. ) in Poland is a higher academic qualification, sometimes translated as D.Sc. (or DSc). The highest scientific degree in Poland is the professorship ( professor ), who is called the scientific professor's degree.
English, Irish, Pakistan, India and Commonwealth
In Ireland, the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, such as India (at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay), the Doctorate is one of the Higher Doctors. In some older universities usually take precedence after Divinity, Law or Civil Law, Medicine, and Literature, and above Music. Levels are awarded to university members who have a proven record of internationally recognized scholarships. A candidate for a degree will usually be required to submit their selection of publications to the appropriate teaching board, who will decide whether the candidate deserves this award. Award or obtain a regular PhD degree is not in any way a prerequisite for obtaining a DSc, as, for example, it can happen in the science that an academic who does a lot of publications can be awarded a DSc without ever having completed a PhD degree.
This degree is only incredible and rarely given to a scholar under the age of forty years. Marie Stopes earned her at the age of 25, Alexander Aitken at the age of 31 (without first obtaining a PhD), Charles W.Lovelace at the age of 25, and Kevin Warwick had been awarded two at the age of 40.
The first university to recognize a person at this level was the University of London in 1860. In 1893 Maria Ogilvie was the first woman to receive this degree. However, the University of London stopped giving the title more than ten years ago.
In the past, a doctorate in science was considered a bigger difference than the professor's chair and hence a professor who was also a D.Sc. will be known as Doctor. The Doctor of Science may also be awarded as an honors degree, that is, awarded to individuals who have made extensive contributions to a particular field and not to specific academic achievements. It's common to signify this by adding D.Sc. h.c. (for honoris causa ).
Other EU countries
In the Czech Republic and Slovakia "Doctor of Sciences" (DrSc. Behind the name), founded in 1953, is equivalent to a Doctor of Science degree in a sense in which D.Sc. used in the Commonwealth. This is the highest academic qualification, different from both Ph.D. and PhDr. title. In the Czech Republic, DrSc. not awarded since 2001; on the contrary, since 2006, the title of "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc. behind the name) is awarded not by the university but by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic largely for research in natural or formal science. In Slovakia, the "Doctor of Science" (Dr.Sc.) is awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences.
In Hungary, the "Doctor of Sciences" (D.Sc.) was awarded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
In Finland, a doctorate awarded in the fields of natural sciences, technology and economics is called D.Sc. degree in English, with a suffix indicating the field of study. However, there is no translation of the terms Doctor of Science to Finnish. For example, the correct translation for a doctorate in technology ( tektoikan tohtori ) is D.Sc. (Tech.), While a doctorate in economics and business administration ( kauppatieteiden tohtori ) will be translated as D.Sc. (Econ.). When speaking or writing in English, the prefix Dr can be used to address the holders of a doctoral degree awarded in Finland. The degree is equivalent to philosophy tohtori (FT, English: PhD), but FT is usually given only in general science, not in specializations such as engineering, economics or medicine.
In France, the Doctor of Sciences ( doctorat ÃÆ's science also called doctorat d'ÃÆ'â € â„¢ tat ) is a higher doctoral degree in the field of experimental and natural sciences, being replaced in 1984 by habilitation.
In Denmark Dr Scient. is a higher physician.
In Bulgaria PhD is the highest level of education and first science degree. The Doctor of Science is the second and the highest science degree.
Other European countries
In former Yugoslavia (Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, Macedonia), a doctor of nauka or a doctor of znanosti (literally "doctor of knowledge") is used in a far broader sense than D.Sc., refers only to the field of academic studies - from the history of art ( doctors znanosti/nauka povijesti umjetnosti ), philosophy ( doctor znanosti/nauka filozofije < i>), and literary studies ( doctors znanosti/nauka knji? evnosti ) for hard sciences such as molecular biology ( znanosti doctors/nauka molecular biologije ). Therefore it is officially recognized as a Ph.D. degree.
Beginning in 2016, in Ukraine The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ukraine: ?????????????? ) is the highest level of education and first science degree. "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc. Ukrainian: ?????? ???? ) is the second and highest science degree, which is given in recognition of the contribution of the subst of knowledge scientific, origins of new directions and visions in science. PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading to the university department in Ukraine.
In Belarus "Doctor of Sciences" (D.Sc., Belarusian: ?????????? ) is given by The Higher Attestation Commission under the auspices of the President of the Republic Belarus.
North America
United States
In the United States, the traditionally recognized Doctor of Science is an academic research doctorate awarded by a research university. Academic Research Sc.D. (or D.Sc.) is considered by the United States Department of Education and the National Science Foundation for the equivalent of a Ph.D.
The North American Sc.D. inaugurated by Harvard University in 1872, when postgraduate studies first began at Harvard, and where the Ph.D. and Sc.D. degree was introduced in the same year. The Doctor of Science research degree is obtained with the defense of a formal dissertation and approval of the committee on the basis of original research and publication, and it is awarded primarily in doctoral science courses, such as engineering, medical and health sciences, and economic health.
Although more rare than the Doctor of Philosophy, a Doctor of Science research degree has been awarded by institutions such as Columbia University, The George Washington University (though in 2011 the University decided to offer a more widely recognized Ph.D.), Harvard University, Johns University Hopkins, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert Morris University, Towson University, Tulane University, Baltimore University, and Capitol Technology University.
Some university doctoral research programs offer Sc.D. and Ph.D. in the same academic field, such as Johns Hopkins University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with the same requirements to obtain both. Currently, research programs that offer formal research Sc.D. but not Ph.D. degree for a particular field including several doctoral programs at Harvard University, Boston University, Capitol Technology University, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Dakota State University. The University of Baltimore, the Arts and Technology Information School offers a Sc.D. degree in Information and Interaction Design, a program that focuses on user design/user experience that can be used (UX) and Human Computer Interactions (HCI).
There is a program where Sc.D. and Ph.D. have different degrees requirements, although two degrees are officially considered equivalent. School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis Louis, for example, requires four graduate programs at D.Sc. courses not required for Ph.D. degree, while Ph.Ds need teaching aids service. Johns Hopkins University also offers a Ph.D. and Sc.D. in certain courses, with only slight differences in university administration degrees. In some institutions, Sc.D. has been changed to Ph.D. For example, a doctorate in biostatistics at Harvard was recently changed from Sc.D. for Ph.D., although the structure and requirements of doctoral degrees remain the same.
In addition, some institutions offer Doctor of Science degrees through distance learning. They include Rocky Mountain Health Professions in Health Sciences, University of Aspen in computer science, Jacksonville State University in emergency management and the Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Jewish studies.
Mexico
In Mexico, the PhD level is considered a doctoral degree (level 8) similar to a doctorate in Canada and the United States. Doctor of Sciences is recognized as High Degree (Grado Proprio).
Russia and other post-Soviet countries
In Russia and other post-Soviet countries, as well as in some former Communist Bloc countries, the Russian state of Doctor of Sciences is a post-doctoral degree. The degree does not have an American equivalent but is similar to German Habilitation.
South America
ArgentinaIn Argentina, the official Doctor of Science degree will be associated with a variety of hard or soft science fields. To enter a Ph.D. program applicants must have experience in research and at least a Technical degree, License or master's degree:
Applied science
- Doctor of Agronomy (University of Buenos Aires, NU LP, NU C, NU R, NU MP, NU S)
- Doctor of Science in Lakteal Technology (NU L)
- Doctor of Science in Materials Technology (NU S, NU MP)
- Doctorate of Computer Science (University of Buenos Aires, NU C, NU SL, NU S)
- Doctor of Engineering Science (NU C, NU Cu, NU RC, NU S, ITBA)
- Doctor of Geological Sciences (NU C, NU Cu, NU SJ, NU SL, NU S)
- Doctor of Information Science (NU LP)
- Doctor of Basic Applied Sciences (NU of Q)
- Doctor of Science and Technology (NU of GS)
- Doctor of Geology (University of Buenos Aires)
- Doctor of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (NU of SAM)
- Doctoral Control System (NU S)
- Doctor of Economics (NU LM)
- Doctor of Economics (NU LP, NU S)
- Geography Doctor (NU S)
- Historical Doctor (NU S)
- Doctor of Chemical Engineering (NU S)
Basic science
- Doctor of Biological Sciences (U BA, NU LP, NU C, NU R, NU L, NU Cu, NU RC, NU MP, NU S)
- Doctor of Chemistry of Biology (U BA, NU S)
- Doctor of Molecular Biology (U of BA)
- Doctorate of Mathematics (U BA, NU LP, NU SL, NU S)
- Doctor of Chemistry (NU LP, NU R, NU C, NU RC, NU MP, NU S)
- Doctor of Physics (U BA, NU LP, NU MP, NU SAM, NU S)
- Doctor of Natural Sciences (U BA, NU LP)
- Doctor of Philosophy (NU S)
Brazil
In Brazil only Doctor in Sciences (D.Sc.) categories are recognized as higher doctors, generally followed by a concentration area (program area).
Such a doctorate is obtained at the Graduate School following a satisfactory evaluation of the knowledge, research achievement, and thesis defense. This doctor is comparable to a Ph.D. programs found in other countries. In the state of São Paulo Paulo, a doctorate is the second highest academic degree awarded by a state university (University of SÃÆ' Â £ o Paulo (USP), Campinas State University (UNICAMP) and SÃÆ' â € <â € < Paulo State University (UNESP))) and most Federal Universities, such as Federal University SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo (UNIFESP). The highest academic title is Livre-DocÃÆ'ªncia , which is not equivalent to the Habilitation of Germany, because "Livre-DocÃÆ'ªncia" is not required to be Professor at a Brazilian university, and German Habilitation is a requirement. become a Professor at a German university.
Footnote
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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