Mechanical engineering is a discipline that applies engineering, physics, mathematical engineering, and material science principles to design, analyze, produce, and maintain mechanical systems. This is one of the oldest and widest disciplines.
The field of mechanical engineering requires an understanding of the core fields including mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity. In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial and machinery equipment, heating and cooling systems. , transportation systems, aircraft, boats, robotics, medical equipment, weapons, and others. This is a branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of the machine.
Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century; However, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. In the 19th century, developments in physics led to the development of mechanical engineering. This field continues to evolve to incorporate progress; today mechanical engineers are pursuing developments in areas such as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. It also overlaps with aerospace techniques, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines with varying amounts. Mechanical engineers can also work in biomedical engineering, especially with biomechanics, transport phenomena, biomechatronics, bionanotechnology, and biological system modeling.
Video Mechanical engineering
Histori
The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient and medieval societies. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287-212 BC) influenced mechanics in Western tradition and Heron Alexandria (ca. 10-70 AD) invented the first steam engine (Aeolipile). In China, Zhang Heng (78-139 AD) raises the water clock and creates the seismometer, and Ma Jun (200-265 AD) finds a train with differential gears. Horologist and Chinese medieval engineer Su Song (1020-1101 AD) incorporated a breakout mechanism to the astronomical clock tower two centuries before the escape device was discovered in medieval European clocks. He also created the first known endless power transmission chain drive in the world.
During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th centuries), Muslim inventors made a remarkable contribution in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote the famous Encyclical Device Knowledge Kit in 1206 and presented many mechanical designs. He is also considered the inventor of mechanical devices as they now form very basic mechanisms, such as crankshaft and camshaft.
During the 17th century, an important breakthrough in the foundations of mechanical engineering took place in England. Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed Calculus, the foundation of mathematical physics. Newton was reluctant to publish his works for years, but eventually he was convinced to do so by his colleagues, such as Sir Edmond Halley, who benefited all mankind. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is also credited with creating Calculus during this time period.
During the early industrial revolution of the 19th century, machine tools were developed in England, Germany, and Scotland. This allows engineering machinery to develop as separate fields in engineering. They bring production machines and machines to move them. The first professional community of British mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after civil engineers formed the first professional Civil Engineers Institute. In the European continent, Johann von Zimmermann (1820-1901) established the first plant for grinding machines in Chemnitz, Germany in 1848.
In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871). The first schools in the United States that offered technical education were the United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as the Norwich University in 1819, and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Mechanical engineering education has historically been based on the foundation the strong one. in mathematics and science.
Maps Mechanical engineering
Education
Degree in mechanical engineering is offered at universities around the world. Mechanical engineering programs typically require four to five years of study and produce Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. Or BE), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or BS), Bachelor of Science Engineering (B.Sc.Eng.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.), Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (BME), or Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc.) Degree, at or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where B.Sc. or B.Tech. program has been adopted, the formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy, the course is based on five years of education, and training, but in order to qualify as an Engineer, one must pass a state exam at the end of the course. In Greece, the course is based on a five-year curriculum and the requirements of the Thesis 'Diploma', which upon completion of the 'Diploma' is awarded instead of B.Sc.
In Australia, the degree of mechanical engineering is given as a Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) or a similar nomenclature despite an increase in the number of specializations. This degree requires four years of full-time study to be achieved. To ensure quality in engineering degree, Australian Engineers accredit an engineering degree awarded by an Australian university pursuant to the Global Washington Accord. Before a degree can be awarded, students must complete at least 3 months on work experience work in an engineering company. A similar system is also present in South Africa and overseen by the South African Technical Council (ECSA).
In the United States, most of the undergraduate engine engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Body for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. The ABET website lists 302 accredited mechanical engineering programs as of March 11, 2014. Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Accreditation Engineering Agency (CEAB), and most other countries offering engineer degrees have the same accrediting institution.
In India, to be an engineer, one must have a degree of engineer like B.Tech or BE, have a diploma in engineering, or by completing a course in engineering trade such as a workshop from the Institute of Industrial Training (ITI) to receive an "ITI Trade Certificate" and also passed the All Indian Trade Test (AITT) with the engineering trade conducted by the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) wherein a person is granted "National Trading Certificate". A similar system is used in Nepal.
Some mechanical engineers continue to pursue graduate degrees such as Master of Engineering, Master of Technology, Master of Science, Master of Engineering Management (M.Eng.Mgt. Or MEM), a Doctor of Philosophy in engineering (Eng.D or Ph.D. ) or an engineer's degree. A master's degree and an engineer may or may not include research. The Doctor of Philosophy includes a significant research component and is often viewed as an entrance to academia. Degree Engineers exist in several institutions at the intermediate level between a master's and doctoral degree.
Course
The standards set by the respective accreditation societies are intended to provide uniformity in basic instructional materials, promoting competence among graduated engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in the US, for example, were asked by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in the area of ​​thermal and mechanical systems". Specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities and technology institutes often incorporate several subjects into one class or divide the subject into several classes, depending on the faculty available and the university's main area of ​​research.
The basic subjects of mechanical engineering typically include:
- Mathematics (in particular, calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra)
- Basic physical sciences (including physics and chemistry)
- Statics and dynamics
- Strength of materials and solid mechanics
- Material Engineering, Composite
- Thermodynamics, heat transfer, energy conversion, and HVAC
- Fuel, combustion, internal combustion engine
- Fluid mechanics (including fluid statics and fluid dynamics)
- Machine Mechanism and design (including kinematics and dynamics)
- Instrumentation and measurement
- Manufacturing, technology, or process engineering
- Vibration, control theory, and control engineering
- Hydraulics, and pneumatics
- Mechatronics, and robotics
- Engineering design and product design
- Drafting, computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)
Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply basic concepts of chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, civil engineering, and electrical engineering. All mechanical engineering courses cover several semesters of mathematics classes including calculus, and advanced mathematical concepts including differential equations, partial differential equations, linear algebra, abstract algebra, and differential geometry, among others.
In addition to the core mechanical engineering curriculum, many mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized courses and classes, such as control systems, robotics, transportation and logistics, cryogenics, fuel technology, automotive engineering, biomechanics, vibration, optics and others, if separate departments nothing for this subject.
Most mechanical engineering programs also require a variety of community research or projects to gain experience solving practical problems. In the United States it is common for engineering students to complete one or more internships while studying, although this is not usually mandated by the university. Cooperative education is another option. Future work skills research places demand on the study component that feeds students' creativity and innovation.
License and regulation
Engineers may seek licenses by state, provincial or national governments. The purpose of this process is to ensure that engineers have the necessary technical knowledge, real-world experience, and knowledge of the local legal system to practice techniques at the professional level. After being certified, engineers are awarded a Professional Engineers degree (in USA, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh, and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in UK, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineers (mostly from the European Union).
In the US, to become a licensed Professional Engineer (PE), an engineer must pass the FE (Engineering Basics) exam, work at least 4 years as Engineering Engineer (EI) or Engineer-in- Training (EIT) , and pass the "Principles and Practice" or PE (Practicing Engineer or Professional Engineer) exam. These requirements and process steps are established by the National Board of Testers for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES), comprising engineering licensing bodies and land surveys representing all US states and territories.
In the UK, graduates currently require a BEng plus an appropriate master's degree or an integrated MEng degree, a minimum of 4 years post-graduate on job competence development, and a peer-reviewed project review report in a candidate's special area to become a Chartered Mechanical Engineer (CEng, MIMechE) through Institution of Mechanical Engineers. CEng MIMechE can also be obtained through an inspection route managed by City and Guilds of London Institute.
In most developed countries, certain engineering tasks, such as bridge design, power plants, and chemical plants, must be approved by professional engineers or rental engineers. "Only licensed engineers, for example, can prepare, sign, seal and submit plans and technical drawings to public authorities for approval, or to seal engineering work for public and private clients." These requirements can be written into state and province laws, such as in Canadian provinces, for example the Ontario Engineer or Quebec Act.
In other countries, such as Australia and the UK, there is no such law; However, almost all certification bodies maintain a code of ethics independent of the law, that they expect all members to comply or risk expulsion.
Job assignment
Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal devices, including tools, machines, and machines.
Mechanical engineers usually do the following:
- Problem analysis to see how mechanical and thermal devices can help solve problems.
- Design or redesign of mechanical and thermal devices using computer-aided analysis and design.
- Develop and test the prototype of the device they design.
- Analyze the test results and change the design as needed.
- Supervise the creation process for the device.
Mechanical engineers design and supervise the manufacture of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries. They also design power generation machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines and power-driven engines, such as cooling and air conditioning systems.
Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers to help create and analyze designs, run simulations, and test how machines work.
Salary and labor statistics
The total number of engineers employed in the US in 2015 is approximately 1.6 million. Of these, 278,340 were mechanical engineers (17.28%), the largest discipline by size. In 2012, the average annual income of mechanical engineers in the US workforce is $ 80,580. The highest average income when working for the government ($ 92,030), and the lowest in education ($ 57,090). By 2014, the total number of engineering machinery jobs is projected to grow 5% over the next decade. In 2009, the average starting salary was $ 58,800 with a bachelor's degree.
Modern tools
Many engineering firms, especially those in industrialized countries, have started incorporating computer engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D (CAD) computer-aided modeling. This method has many benefits, including easier and more complete product visualization, the ability to create virtual part assemblies, and ease of use in designing mating and tolerance interfaces.
Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include product life cycle management tools (PLMs) and analytical tools used to perform complex simulations. Analyzers can be used to predict the product response to expected load, including fatigue life and manufacturing capability. These tools include finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
By using the CAE program, the mechanical design team can quickly and inexpensively repeat the design process to develop better products to meet cost, performance, and other constraints. No physical prototypes need to be made until the design is almost complete, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, rather than just a few relative ones. In addition, the CAE analysis program can model complex physical phenomena that can not be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between the marriage section, or non-Newtonian flow.
As engineering techniques begin to join other disciplines, as seen in mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is being used with other CAE programs to automate and improve iterative design processes. The MDO tool encloses an existing CAE process, enabling product evaluation to continue even after the analyst goes home for the day. They also use sophisticated optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore possible designs, often finding better innovative solutions to difficult multidisciplinary design problems.
Subdisciplines
The field of mechanical engineering can be regarded as a collection of many engineering disciplines. Some of these subdisciplines that are normally taught at the undergraduate level are listed below, with a brief description and the most common applications of each. Some of these subdisciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a combination of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most of the work done by a mechanical engineer uses the skills and techniques of some of these subdisciplines, as well as specific subdisciplines. Specific subdisciplines, as used in this article, are more likely to be the subject of postgraduate study or on-the-job training than undergraduate research. Several specific subdisciplines are discussed in this section.
Mechanics
Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of its power and influence on matter. Normally, mechanical engineering is used to analyze and predict acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic) of objects under known strength (also called load) or pressure. Subdisciplines of mechanics include
- Statics, the study of immovable objects under a known load, how the force affects the static body
- The dynamics of the study of how power affects a moving body. Dynamics include kinematics (about motion, velocity, and acceleration) and kinetics (about power and acceleration produced).
- Mechanics of materials, the study of how various materials change shape in different types of stress
- Fluid mechanics, the study of how liquids react to styles
- Kinematics, the study of body movement (object) and system (group of objects), while ignoring forces that cause movement. Kinematics is often used in the design and analysis of mechanisms.
- Continuum mechanics, methods of mechanical application which assume that objects are continuous (not discrete)
Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or engineering analysis phase. If the engineering project is a vehicle design, statics may be used to design the vehicle frame, to evaluate where the pressure will be most intense. Dynamics may be used when designing a car engine, to evaluate the power in the piston and cams as the engine cycles. Material mechanics can be used to select the right material for frames and machines. Fluid mechanics can be used to design ventilation systems for vehicles (see HVAC), or to design intake systems for machines.
Mechatronics and robotics
Mechatronics is a combination of mechanics and electronics. It is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and software engineering related to integrating electrical and mechanical engineering to create a hybrid system. In this way, the machine can be automated through the use of electric motors, servo mechanisms, and other electrical systems along with specialized software. A common example of a mechatronics system is the CD-ROM drive. The mechanical system opens and closes the drive, rotates the CD and drives the laser, while the optical system reads the data on the CD and turns it into bits. The integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of the CD to the computer.
Robotics is a mechatronics application for creating robots, which are often used in industry to perform dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive tasks. These robots may have any shape and size, but they are already programmed and physically interact with the world. To make a robot, an engineer usually uses kinematics (to determine the range of motion of the robot) and mechanics (to determine the pressure inside the robot).
Robots are widely used in industrial engineering. They allow businesses to save on labor money, perform tasks that are too dangerous or too precise for humans to do them economically, and to ensure better quality. Many companies use robotic assembly lines, especially in the Automotive Industry and some factories are so robotized that they can run on their own. Outside the factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, space exploration, and many other fields. Robots are also sold for a variety of residential applications, from recreation to domestic applications.
Structure analysis
Structural analysis is a branch of mechanical engineering (as well as civil engineering) aimed at examining why and how objects fail and improve objects and their performance. Structural failure occurs in two common modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. The failure of static structures occurs when, while being loaded (having force applied) the object being analyzed is corrupted or deformed in plastic, depending on the criteria for failure. Fatigue Failure occurs when an object fails after a number of loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs due to imperfections on the object: microscopic cracks on the surface of the object, for example, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to cause the final failure.
Failure is not only defined as when the section breaks, however; it is defined as when the part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such as hollow tops of several plastic bags, are designed to be removed. If the system is not damaged, failure analysis can be used to determine the cause.
Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after failure occurs, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers often use online documents and books such as those published by ASM to assist them in determining the types of failures and possible causes.
Structural analysis can be used in the office when designing parts, in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts may undergo controlled failure tests.
Thermodynamics and thermo-sciences
Thermodynamics is applied science used in several branches of engineering, including mechanical and chemical engineering. The simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a system. Typically, thermodynamic techniques relate to energy changes from one form to another. For example, automotive engines convert chemical energy (enthalpy) from fuel to heat, and then into mechanical work that eventually spins the wheel.
The thermodynamic principle is used by mechanical engineers in the fields of heat transfer, thermofluidics, and energy conversion. Mechanical engineers use thermo-science to design engines and power plants, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC), heat exchangers, heat sinks, radiators, coolers, insulation, and so on.
Design and compilation
Drafting or engineering drawing is a means used by engineering engineers to design products and make instructions for manufacturing parts. Technical drawings may be computer models or hand-drawn schematics that show all the dimensions needed to create parts, as well as assembly records, lists of required materials, and other relevant information. Mechanical engineers or US skilled workers who create technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting is historically a two-dimensional process, but the CAD program (Computer-Aided Design) now allows designers to create in three dimensions.
Instructions for making parts should be provided to the required machine, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or a combination of CAD/CAM programs. Optionally, an engineer can also manually produce parts using technical drawings, but this is becoming increasingly rare, with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers mainly produce parts manually in the field of applied spray coating, final settling, and other processes that can not be economically or practically performed by the machine.
Drafting is used in almost every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. The three-dimensional model created using CAD software is also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and fluid dynamics computing (CFD).
Research area
Mechanical engineers are constantly pushing the limits of what might be physically possible to produce safer, cheaper, and more efficient mechanical machines and systems. Some of the technologies on the cutting edge of mechanical engineering are listed below (see also exploratory techniques).
Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
Micron-scale mechanical components such as springs, gears, heat transfer devices and fluids are made from a variety of substrate materials such as silicon, glass and polymers such as SU8. Examples of MEMS components are accelerometers used as car airbag sensors, modern cell phones, precise positioning gyroscopes and microfluidic devices used in biomedical applications.
Friction weld mortar, a new type of welding, was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). Innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding techniques incorporate previously un-welded materials, including some aluminum alloys. It plays an important role in the development of the aircraft in the future, potentially replacing the rivets. Current uses of this technology to date include welding of main aluminum tank main Space Shuttle, Orion Crew Vehicle test articles, Boeing Delta II and Delta IV Expendable Launch Vehicles and SpaceX Falcon 1 rockets, armor plating for amphibious assault ships, and winged wings and the aircraft panel of the new Eclipse 500 plane from Eclipse Aviation among the more widely used pools.
Composite
Composite or composite materials are combinations of materials that provide different physical characteristics of separate materials. The study of composite materials in mechanical engineering typically focuses on designing (and, later, finding applications for) stronger or stronger materials while trying to reduce weight, susceptibility to corrosion, and other undesirable factors. Carbon fiber reinforced composites, for example, have been used in applications such as spacecraft and fishing rods.
Mechatronics
Mechatronics is a synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. The goal of this interdisciplinary engineering field is to study automation from a technical perspective and serve the purpose of controlling advanced hybrid systems.
Nanotechnology
At the smallest scale, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology - one of the speculative goals that is to create molecular assemblers to build molecules and materials through mechanosynthesis. For now the goal remains in exploratory engineering. Current field of engineering machinery research in nanotechnology includes nanofilter, nanofilm, and nanostructures, among others.
Restricted element analysis
This field is not new, since the basis of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) has been around since 1941. But computer evolution has made FEA/FEM a viable option for structural problem analysis. Many commercial codes like ANSYS, NASTRAN, and ABAQUS are widely used in industry for component research and design. Some 3D modeling and CAD software packages have added FEA modules. More recently, cloud simulation platforms like SimScale are becoming more common.
Other techniques such as different methods up to (FDM) and limited volume methods (FVM) are used to solve problems related to heat and mass transfer, fluid flow, fluid surface interactions, etc. In recent years meshfree methods such as refined hydrodynamic particles gained popularity in terms of solving problems involving complex geometries, free surfaces, moving limits, and adaptive improvements.
Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to biological systems, such as humans, animals, plants, organs, and cells. Biomechanics also helps in creating artificial limbs and man-made organs.
Biomechanics is closely related to engineering, as it often uses traditional engineering to analyze biological systems. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics and/or materials science can provide precise estimates for the mechanisms of many biological systems.
Over the past decade, finite element method (FEM) has also entered the Biomedical sector which highlights the further engineering aspects of Biomechanics. FEM has since established itself as an alternative to surgical assessment in vivo and gained wide acceptance of academics. The main advantage of Computational Biomechanics lies in its ability to determine the anatomical response of endo-anatomy, without being subject to ethical restrictions. This has led to modeling FE to the point of being ubiquitous in some areas of Biomechanics while some projects even adopt open source philosophy (eg BioSpine).
Dynamics of computational fluid
The dynamics of computational fluid, commonly abbreviated as CFDs, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems involving fluid flow. Computers are used to perform the calculations necessary to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with surfaces determined by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved. Ongoing research produces software that increases the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flow. The initial validation of the software is performed using a wind tunnel with final validation coming in full-scale testing, eg. flight test.
Acoustic technique
The acoustic technique is one of many sub-disciplines of mechanical engineering and acoustic applications. Acoustic technique is the study of Sound and Vibration. This engineer works effectively to reduce noise pollution on mechanical devices and in buildings with soundproofing or eliminating unwanted noise sources. The study of acoustics can range from designing more efficient hearing aids, microphones, headphones, or recording studios to improve sound quality from the orchestra hall. Acoustic technique also deals with the vibrations of different mechanical systems.
Related fields
Manufacturing techniques, Aerospace engineering and Automotive engineering are sometimes grouped with mechanical engineering. Undergraduate degrees in these fields will usually have differences from some special classes.
See also
- List
- Association
- Wikibooks
References
Further reading
Burkin, Aubrey F. (1965). Mechanical Engineering History . The MIT Press. ISBN: 0-262-52001-X.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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