The QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response Code ) is a trademark for the type of barcode matrix (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed in 1994 for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item attached. The QR code uses four standard encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions can also be used.
The Quick Response (QR code) system is popular outside the automotive industry due to its rapid readout and larger storage capacity compared to standard UPC barcodes. Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.
The QR code consists of a black box arranged in a square box with a white background, which can be read by imaging devices such as cameras, and processed using Reed-Solomon error correction until the image can be interpreted appropriately. The required data is then extracted from the pattern that exists in both horizontal and vertical components of the image. Nowadays it is widely used all over the world to open websites faster, and can also be used for advertising.
Video QR code
Histori
The QR code system was invented in 1994 by the Japanese company Denso Wave. The goal is to track the vehicle during manufacture; it is designed to allow the scanning of high-speed components. QR codes are now used in a wider context, including commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented apps intended for mobile users (called mobile tagging). The QR code can be used to display text to users, to add vCard contacts to the user's device, to open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), or to write an email or text message. There are so many QR code generators available as software or as an online tool. The QR code has become one of the most commonly used two-dimensional codes.
Maps QR code
Standard
There are some standards that include encoding data as QR code:
- October 1997 - AIM (International Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility)
- January 1999 - JIS X 0510
- June 2000 - ISO/IEC 18004: 2000 Information technology - Automatic identification and data retrieval techniques - Barcode code symbology - QR code (now drawn)
Determine the QR code model 1 and 2 symbols. - September 1, 2006 - ISO/IEC 18004: 2006 Information Technology - Automatic identification and retrieval techniques - QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification (now drawn)
Specifies the QR code symbol 2005, the extension of the QR code model 2. Does not specify how to read the symbol of the QR 1 model code, or requires this for compliance. - February 1, 2015 - ISO/IEC 18004: 2015 Information - Automatic identification and retrieval techniques - Barcode barcode barcode barcode specifications Rename the QR Code 2005 to QR Code and add clarification to some minor procedures and corrections.
In the application layer, there are some variations between most implementations. NTT DoCoMo Japan has set a de facto standard for encoding URLs, contact information, and some other data types. The "ZXing" open-source project stores a list of QR code data types.
Usage
QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Usually, a smartphone is used as a QR code scanner, displaying code and converting it into useful forms (such as a standard URL for a website, thus negating the user's need to type it into a web browser). The QR code has become the focus of advertising strategy, as it provides a way to access brand websites faster than by entering URLs manually. Beyond consumer convenience, the importance of this capability is to increase conversion rates: the chance that contacts with ads will be converted into sales). This persuades prospects who are interested further down the conversion funnel with less delay or effort, taking viewers to advertiser websites soon, where longer and more targeted sales can lose interest in viewers.
Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used for a wider range of applications. This includes commercial tracking, entertainment and ticket transportation, product marketing and fidelity and in-store product labeling. Examples of marketing include where corporate discounts and percent discounts can be retrieved using a QR code decoded which is a mobile app, or storing company information such as addresses and related information along with its alpha-numeric text data as can be seen in the directory's Yellow Pages.
They can also be used in storing personal information for use by organizations. An example is the National Bureau of Investigation of the Philippines (NBI) where NBI clearance now comes with a QR code. Many of these apps target mobile phone users (via mobile tagging). Users can receive text, add vCard contacts to their devices, open URIs, or write e-mails or text messages after scanning QR codes. They can create and print their own QR code for others to scan and use by visiting one of several paid sites or free QR code generating apps. Google has an API, now no longer used, to generate QR codes, and apps to scan QR codes can be found on almost all smartphone devices.
QR codes that store addresses and URLs can appear in magazines, signs, on buses, on business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users with camera phones equipped with the correct reader application can scan a QR code image to display text, contact information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web page in the phone's browser. The act of connecting from physical world objects is called hardlinking or hyperlinking objects. The QR code can also be linked to a location to track where the code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves geo information by using GPS and triangle cell towers (aGPS) or URLs encoded in the QR code itself is associated with the location. In 2008, a Japanese mason announced a plan to carve the QR code on the tombstone, allowing visitors to view information about the deceased, and family members to track visits. Psychologist Richard Wiseman was one of the first authors to include the QR code in a book, in Paranormality: Why We See What Is not There (2011).
The QR code has been entered into the currency. In June 2011, Royal Dutch Mint Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt issued the world's first official coin with a QR code to celebrate the building's current and centenary anniversary. Coins can be scanned by smartphones and links to custom websites with content about historical events and coin designs. In 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issues 100-naira banknotes to commemorate a hundred years, the first paper money to incorporate QR codes in its design. When scanned with an internet-equipped mobile device, the code goes to websites that tell the story of the 26th century Nigeria. In 2015, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation spent 100 rubles to commemorate the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation. It contains QR code into its design, and when scanned with an internet-equipped mobile device, the code goes to websites detailing the historical and technical background of the warning notes. In 2017, the Bank of Ghana issued a 5-cent note to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Central Bank of Ghana, and contained a QR code in its design, which, when scanned with internet-enabled mobile devices, entered the Official Bank of Ghana's website.
Credit card function is under development. On February 20, 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will launch in sequence called Bharat QR, a common QR code developed jointly by all four major card payment companies - the National Payments Corporation of India that runs RuPay cards along with MasterCard, Visa and American Express. It will also have the ability to accept payments on an integrated payment platform (UPI).
Mobile operating system
QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. This device supports URL redirects, which allows QR code to send metadata to existing apps on the device. Many paid or free apps are available with the ability to scan codes and hard links to external URLs.
URL
URLs help the marketing conversion rate even in the pre-smartphone era, but over the years it faces some limitations: viewers usually have to type in a URL and often do not have a web browser in front of it when they first see the ad. Most likely that they will forget to visit the site later, no need to bother typing in the URL, or forgot to type in the URL. The semantic URL lowers this risk but does not eliminate it. Some of these losses to the URL conversion rate are fading now because the smartphone puts web access and voice recognition in constant reach, with QR codes providing URLs for instant access.
The virtual store
During June 2011, according to a study, 14 million mobile users scanned QR codes or barcodes. About 58% of these users scan QR or barcodes from their homes, while 39% are scanned from retail stores; 53% of the 14 million users are men aged between 18 and 34. The use of QR codes for "virtual store" formats started in South Korea, and Argentina, but is currently growing globally. Walmart, Procter & amp; Gamble and Woolworths have adopted the concept of Virtual Store.
Payment QR code
QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they can be specifically designed to work with certain payment provider applications. There are some QR code payment trial applications around the world. In developing countries like India and China, payment of QR codes is a very popular and convenient payment method and some of the big names in such industries are WeChat Pay and PayTM.
In November 2012, payment of QR codes was deployed on a larger scale in the Czech Republic when the open format for exchange of payment information - Short Payment Descriptor - was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as an official local solution for QR payments. In 2013, the European Paying Board provides guidance for the EPC QR code that enables SCT initiation within the Euro Zone.
QR codes are commonly used in the field of cryptographic currencies, especially those based on and including Bitcoin. Payment addresses, cryptographic keys and transaction information are often shared among digital purses in this way.
Login website
QR codes can be used to log in to websites: QR codes are displayed on the login page on the computer screen, and when registered users scan with verified smartphones, they will automatically log in. Authentication is done by a smartphone that contacts the server. Google tested such an entry method in January 2012.
WiFi network login
By specifying SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, mobile device users can quickly scan and join the network without having to enter data manually. Note: This only specifies a static SSID password (i.e. PSK), it does not encode dynamic user credentials (ie Enterprise/802.1x).
Format string yang dikodekan adalah:
WIFI: S: & lt; SSID & gt ;; T: & lt; WPA | WEP | & gt ;; P: & lt; password & gt ;; H: & lt; true | false | & gt ;;
The order of the fields is not a problem. The "", ";", "," and ":" characters must be separated by a backslash ("\") as in the MECARD encoding. For example, if the SSID is really "foo; bar \ baz" (with double quotes part of the SSID name itself) then it will be coded like: WIFI: S: \ "foo \; bar \\ baz \ ";;
Starting January 2018 iPhone has this feature built in the camera app since iOS 11.x - Android users can use the free application "Barcode Scanner" or "QR Droid" to make Wi-Fi connection. The barcode scanner feature in Firefox for Android recognizes the data type as "WLAN login" but does not take any action at this time.
More fun uses
In 2008, Ishinokoe in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began selling tombstones with a QR code produced by IT DeSign, where the code leads to the cemetery's virtual site of the deceased. Other companies, such as Wisconsin-based Interactive Headstones, have begun implementing QR codes to tombstones. In 2014, La Paz Jewish Cemetery in Uruguay, began implementing QR codes for tombstones.
Transcripts and Degrees
Verify transcripts and degree certificates in developing countries such as India, China, Mexico, Thailand, etc. Using QR codes is also popular because of their cost effectiveness and conveniency. Many universities such as Calcutta University, Mumbai University, APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Karnataka University, Sinaloa SecretarÃÆ'a de EducaciÃÆ'³n PÃÆ'ºblica y Cultura (Mexico), Mahidol University, etc. Have adopted this technology to make their certificates a tamper proof. Millions of students benefit from simple applications like QR codes.
The earliest recorded research on Transcripts/Degrees using QR codes for verification was published by Somdip Dey, with the results of a prototype system built in 2013, which has shaped the development of the system to reduce the falsification of academic documents.
Encryption
The encrypted QR code, which is not very common, has several apps. For example, there is an Android app, which manages encryption and decryption of QR code using the Data Encryption Standard algorithm. There are also many custom built encryption algorithms that are used for encrypting QR codes. Some of the popular algorithms in this field consist of works published by Somdip Dey.
The Japanese immigration system using encrypted QR codes on passport permission permissions in passports is another example.
Video game
Popular video games, such as Fez and The Talos Principle , have incorporated QR codes as story and/or gameplay elements.
Design
Unlike older one-dimensional barcodes designed to be scanned mechanically by narrow beam of light, QR codes are detected by 2-dimensional digital image sensors and then digitally analyzed by programmable processors. The processor places three different boxes in the corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or some boxes) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and viewing angle. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an error correction algorithm.
Storage
The amount of data that can be stored in the QR code symbol depends on the datatype ( mode , or the input character set), the version (1,..., 40, indicates the overall dimension of the symbol), and the error correction level. Maximum storage capacity occurs for the 40-L symbol (version 40, L error correction level):
Berikut beberapa contoh simbol kode QR:
Koreksi kesalahan
Codewords are 8 bit long and use the Reed-Solomon error correction algorithm with four levels of error correction. The higher the level of error correction, the less storage capacity. The following table lists the estimated error correction abilities on each of the four levels:
In larger QR symbols, messages are split into several Reed-Solomon code blocks. The block size is selected so that at most 15 errors can be fixed in each block; this limits the complexity of the decoding algorithm. The code block is then inserted together, thereby minimizing the possibility of local damage to the QR symbols will burden the capacity of every single block.
Due to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR code that still scans correctly, but contains deliberate errors to make it more readable or appealing to the human eye, as well as to incorporate colors, logos, and other features into block QR code.
It is also possible to design artistic QR code without reducing the error correction capacity by manipulating the underlying mathematical constructs.
Encoding
The format information records two things: the level of error correction and the mask pattern used for the symbol. Masking is used to break patterns in data areas that may confuse the scanner, such as large empty areas or misleading features that look like locator marks. The mask pattern is defined on the repeated grid as necessary to cover all symbols. Modules that match the dark areas of the mask are reversed. The format information is protected from errors with BCH code, and two full copies are included in each QR symbol.
The message data set is placed from right to left in the zigzag pattern, as shown below. In larger symbols, this is complicated by the presence of alignment patterns and the use of multiple interleaved error correction blocks.
The general structure of the QR coding is as a sequence of the 4 bit indicator with the payload length depending on the indicator mode (eg byte encoding payload length depends on the first byte).
- Note:
- The Character Count indicator depends on how many modules are in the QR code (Symbol Version).
- ECI Assignment Size Size:
- 8 ÃÆ'â € "1 bit if ECI Assignement Bitstream starts with '0'
- 8 ÃÆ'â € "2 bits if ECI Assignement Bitstream starts with '10'
- 8 ÃÆ'â € "3 bits if ECI Assignement Bitstream starts with '110'
The four-bit indicator is used to select encoding mode and pass on other information.
Encoding mode can be mixed as needed in QR symbol. (e.g., urls with long alphanumeric character strings)
After each indicator choosing encoding mode is a long field that tells how many characters are encoded in that mode. The number of bits in the length field depends on the encoding and the version of the symbol.
The alphanumeric encoding mode keeps the message shorter than the byte mode, but it can not store lowercase letters and has only a limited selection of punctuation, which is sufficient for an incomplete web address. Two characters are encoded in an 11-bit value with this formula:
- V = 45 ÃÆ'â € "C 1 C 2
It has the exception that the last character in an alphanumeric string with an odd length is read as a 6-bit value instead.
Sample decoding
Gambar berikut ini menawarkan lebih banyak informasi tentang kode QR.
Varian
Kode QR Mikro
The Micro QR Code is a smaller version of the standard QR code for apps whose symbol size is limited. There are four different versions (size) of the QR Micro code: the smallest is 11 Ã- 11 modules; the largest can hold 35 numeric characters.
IQR code
The IQR code is an alternative to existing QR codes developed by Denso Wave. IQR codes can be created in the form of square or rectangle; this is meant for situations where rectangular barcodes would be more precise, like cylindrical objects. The IQR code can match the same amount of information in 30% less space. There are 61 versions of square IQR code, and 15 rectangular code versions. For boxes, minimum size is 9x9 module; The rectangle has a module of at least 19x5. The IQR code adds a level of error correction S, which allows error correction of 50%. The IQR code has not been given the ISO specification, and only the Denso Wave product owned can create or read the IQR code.
SQRC
SQRC is a type of QR code that comes with a reading delimiter function. It can be used to store personal information and to manage internal company information and the like.
Frame QR
FrameQR is a QR code with "canvas area" that can be used flexibly. In the middle of this code is the canvas area, where graphics, letters, and more can be flexibly arranged, making it possible to code without losing design illustrations, photos, etc.
Model 1 QR code is a longer version of the specification. Visually similar to code 2 models that are widely seen, but do not have alignment patterns.
License
The use of free QR code technology is licensed as long as the user follows a standard for QR Code that is documented with JIS or ISO. Non-standard codes may require special licenses.
Denso Wave has a number of patents on QR code technology, but has chosen to apply it limitedly. To promote the widespread use of Denso Wave technology choose to waive its rights to its key patents only for the standard code. In the US, the provided patent QR code is US 5726435 , and in Japan JP 2938338 Ã, . The European Patent Office granted the "EPO 0672994" patent. Ã, to Denso Wave, which is then validated into French, British and German patents, all of which ended in March 2015.
The QR Code text itself is a registered trademark and wordmark of Denso Wave Incorporated. In the UK, the trademark is registered as E921775, the word "QR Code", with filing date 03/09/1998. The English version of this trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso brand (DENSO CORPORATION), filed as Trademark 000921775, the word "QR Code", on 03/09/1998 and registered on 6/12/1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market). The US Trademark for the word "QR Code" is Trademark 2435991 and filed on 29 September 1998 with registration dates modified on 13 March 2001, designated for Denso Corporation.
Risk
The only context in which a common QR code can carry executable data is the URL data type. This URL can host JavaScript code, which can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in applications on the host system, such as readers, web browsers or image viewers, since readers will typically send data to applications associated with the data type used by QR code.
In the case of no software exploits, malicious QR code combined with permissive readers can still store computer content and user privacy at risk. This practice is known as "attagging", a portmanteau "tagging attack". They are easy to create and can be embedded over legitimate QR codes. On smartphones, reader permissions can allow the use of cameras, full Internet access, read/write contact data, GPS, read browser history, read/write local storage, and global system changes.
Risks include linking to malicious websites with browser exploits, activating the microphone/camera/GPS, and then streaming those feeds to a remote server, analyzing sensitive data (passwords, files, contacts, transactions), and sending email/SMS/IM messages or DDOS packages as part of a botnet, undermine privacy settings, steal identities, and even contain malicious logic like JavaScript or viruses. This action can occur in the background while users only see the reader opening a seemingly innocuous web page. In Russia, malicious QR codes cause scanning phones to send premium text at a cost of US $ 6 each.
Extensions
Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, built on a QR code base to maintain QR robustness against distortion and use color to increase data density (at this stage still in prototyping stage). The HCC2D code specification is described in detail at Querini et al. (2014), while the technique for HCC2D color cell color classification is described in detail in Querini and Italiano (2014), which is an additional version of Querini and Italiano (2013).
Introducing color to QR code requires additional troubleshooting. Specifically, during QR code reading only brightness information is taken into account, while HCC2D code must overcome chromatic distortion during the decoding phase. To ensure adaptation to the chromatic distortion that appears in each scanned code, the HCC2D code utilizes an additional field: Color Palette Pattern. This is because color cells of the Color Palette Pattern should be distorted in the same way as color cells in the Encoding Area. Replicated color palettes are used to classify machine learning lessons.
See also
- CueCat
- QRpedia
- SnapTag
- SPARQCode
- Touchatag
References
Bibliography
- BS ISO/IEC 18004: 2006. Information Technology. Automatic identification and data retrieval techniques. Bar code symbology. QR Code . Geneva: ISO/IEC. 2000. p.Ã, 114.
- BS ISO/IEC 18004: 2006. Information Technology. Automatic identification and data retrieval techniques. QR Code 2005 bar code symbology specification . London: BSI. 2007. p.Ã, 126. ISBNÃ, 978-0-580-67368-9.
External links
- Official website
- Reed Solomon Codes for Coders - an elaborate tutorial on Wikiversity, which includes the QR code structure and Reed Solomon code used to encode the data.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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