The vaccine controversy has occurred since nearly 80 years before the term vaccine and vaccination was introduced, and continues to this day. Although there is a scientific consensus that recommends safe and effective vaccines, unfounded concerns about their safety are still occurring, resulting in epidemics and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Another source of controversy is whether vaccination policies are required to violate civil liberties or religious principles.
Security issues often follow a pattern: potential adverse effects are hypothesized; early announcements made; early studies were not reproduced; and finally, it takes several years for the vaccine to regain public confidence. A modern and important example involves the discredited claim of Andrew Wakefield that the MMR vaccine causes autism, which in 2011 was described as "perhaps, the most damaging medical trick in the last 100 years". Immunization programs rely on public trust to be effective. Evidence about vaccination shows that preventing suffering and death from infectious diseases outweighs the rare effects of vaccinations.
Video Vaccine controversies
Variasi
Preliminary efforts to prevent smallpox involve deliberate inoculation with the disease in the hope that mild cases will provide immunity. Originally called inoculation, the technique was then called variolation to avoid confusion with the inoculation of cowpox (vaccination) when it was introduced by Edward Jenner. Although the variation has a long history in China and India, it was first used in North America and England in 1721. Reverend Cotton Mather introduced variations to Boston, Massachusetts, during the 1721 outbreak of smallpox. Despite strong opposition in society, Mather assured Dr. Zabdiel Boylston to try it out. Boylston first experimented on his 6-year-old son, his slave, and his slave son; every subject suffered illness and illness for several days, until the disease disappeared and they were "no longer seriously ill". Boylston went on to vary thousands of Massachusetts residents, and many places were named for him as gratitude as a result. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduces varolization to England. He had seen it used in Turkey and, in 1718, had his son successfully varied in Constantinople under Dr. Charles Maitland. When he returned to England in 1721, he ordered his daughter to be varied by Maitland. This aroused great interest, and Sir Hans Sloane organized a variety of inmates at Newgate Prison. This worked, and after a further short trial in 1722, Caroline's two daughters from the Ansbach Princess of Wales were vaccinated without accident. With the approval of this kingdom, this procedure becomes common when smallpox outbreaks are threatened.
The religious argument against inoculation is rapidly progressing. For example, in the 1772 sermon entitled "The Practice of Dangerous Inoculation and Sinfulness", the English theologian Rev. Edmund Massey argued that the disease was sent by God to punish sin and that every attempt to prevent smallpox through inoculation was "cruel operation". It is customary at that time for the popular preachers to publish the sermon, which reaches a wide audience. This is the case with Massey, whose preaching reaches North America, where there was an early religious opposition, especially by John Williams. A bigger source of opposition is Dr. William Douglass, a medical graduate from the University of Edinburgh and a Fellow of the Royal Society, who has settled in Boston.
Maps Vaccine controversies
smallpox vaccination
After Edward Jenner introduced the smallpox vaccine in 1798, the variations declined and were banned in some countries.
As with the variations, there are some religious denials of vaccination, although this is balanced to some extent with the support of pastors, such as Reverend Robert Ferryman, Jenner's friend, and Rowland Hill, who not only preach to support him but also vaccinate. self. There are also oppositions from some variolators who see the loss of a lucrative monopoly. William Rowley publishes illustrations of deformity presumed to be produced by vaccinations, reviled in the famous caricature of James Gillray depicted on this page, and Benjamin Moseley likes cowpox for syphilis, initiating controversy that will last until the 20th century.
There are legitimate concerns from vaccination supporters about their safety and efficacy, but this is overshadowed by common criticism, especially when legislation begins introducing mandatory vaccinations. The reason for this is that vaccinations are introduced before laboratory methods are developed to control production and are responsible for its failure. The vaccine is maintained initially through arm-to-arm transfer and then through production in animal skin, and bacteriological sterility is not possible. Furthermore, identification methods for potential pathogens are not available until the late 19th century until the early 20th century. The disease was later proven to be caused by contaminated vaccines including erysipelas, tuberculosis, tetanus, and syphilis. The latter, though rarely - estimated in 750 cases in 100 million vaccinations - attracted special attention. Much later, Dr. Charles Creighton, the leading medical vaccine opponent, claims that the vaccine itself is the cause of syphilis and devotes a book to the subject. When smallpox cases begin to occur in those who have been vaccinated before, vaccination supporters suggest that this is usually very mild and occurs many years after vaccination. In turn, the opposite vaccination indicates that this is contrary to Jenner's belief that the vaccination provides complete protection. Opposing views of vaccinations that are both harmful and ineffective lead to the development of the anti-vaccination movement set in the UK when legislation is introduced to make mandatory vaccinations.
English
Due to the greater risk, vaccination is prohibited in the UK by the 1840 Vaccination Act, which also introduces free voluntary vaccinations for infants. Thereafter Parliament passes consecutive measures to enforce and enforce mandatory vaccinations. The 1853 Act introduced mandatory vaccinations, with penalties for noncompliance and imprisonment for non-payment. The 1867 action extended the age requirement to 14 years and introduced repeated fines for repeated denials for the same child. Initially, vaccination regulations were organized by the poor Local Law Guardians, and in those cities where there was a strong denial of vaccination, a sympathetic Guardian was elected who did not pursue the charges. This was changed by the action of 1871, which required the Wali to act. This significantly changed the relationship between government and the public, and organized protests increased. In Keighley, Yorkshire, in 1876, The Guardians were arrested and jailed briefly at York Castle, prompting a big demonstration to support "Keighley Seven". Movement of protest across social boundaries. The financial burden of fines falls the hardest in the working class, which will give the largest number of public demonstrations. Society and publications are organized by the middle class, and support comes from celebrities like George Bernard Shaw and Alfred Russel Wallace, doctors like Charles Creighton and Edgar Crookshank, and lawmakers like Jacob Bright and James Allanson Picton. In 1885, with more than 3,000 pending prosecutions in Leicester, mass demonstrations there were attended by more than 20,000 protesters.
Under increasing pressure, the government appointed the Royal Commission on Vaccination in 1889, which issued six reports between 1892 and 1896, with a detailed summary in 1898. The recommendations were incorporated into the 1898 Vaccination Act, which still required mandatory vaccination but allowed exceptions to reason of conscientious objections at presentation of certificate signed by two judges. This was not easily obtained in cities where judges supported mandatory vaccinations, and after continued protests, further action in 1907 allowed the exclusion of a simple signed declaration. Although this solves the immediate problem, mandatory vaccination actions can still be legally enforced, and the specified opponents lobbied for their retraction. No Compulsory Vaccination is one of the demands of the 1900 Labor General Workers Manifesto. This was done as a routine issue when the National Health Service was introduced in 1948, with the "almost negligible" opposition of mandatory vaccination supporters.
Vaccinations in Wales are protected by UK legislation, but the Scottish legal system is separate. Vaccination was not required there until 1863, and conscientious objections were permitted after a vigorous protest only in 1907.
At the end of the 19th century, the city of Leicester in the UK got a lot of attention because of the way smallpox was managed there. There is strong resistance to mandatory vaccinations, and medical authorities should work within this framework. They developed systems that did not use vaccination but were based on case notices, tighter patient isolation and contacts, and provision of hospital isolation. This proved successful but required acceptance of mandatory isolation rather than vaccination. C. Killick Millard, originally a mandatory vaccination advocate, was appointed Medical Health Officer in 1901. He moderated his views on coercion but encouraged his contacts and staff to receive vaccinations. This approach, originally developed due to the overwhelming opposition to government policy, is known as the Leicester Method. At that time it was generally accepted as the most appropriate way to deal with smallpox outbreaks and listed as one of the "key events in the history of cacar control" by those most involved in the successful Campaign for the Eradication of Chickenpox. The final stage of the campaign, generally referred to as "security surveillance", depends heavily on the Leicester method.
United States
In the US, President Thomas Jefferson is very interested in vaccinations, along with Dr. Waterhouse, head doctor in Boston. Jefferson encouraged the development of ways to transport vaccine materials through the Southern states, which included measures to avoid damage by heat, a major cause of ineffective batches. The plague of smallpox was conceived by the second half of the 19th century, a development widely linked to vaccinations of a large proportion of the population. Vaccination rates dropped after the reduction in cases of smallpox, and the disease returned to an epidemic at the end of the 19th century (see Smallpox).
After the 1879 visit to New York by the prominent British anti-vaccination William Tebb, the American Anti-Vaccination Institute was established. The New England Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League was formed in 1882, and the New York City Anti-Vaccination League in 1885. Tactics in the US largely followed that used in the UK. Vaccinations in the United States are regulated by individual states, where followed by coercive, contradictory, and repealed developments similar to those in the United Kingdom. Although generally organized by state, the vaccination controversy reached the US Supreme Court in 1905. There, in the case of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, the court ruled that the state has the authority to require vaccinations against smallpox during smallpox. outbreak.
John Pitcairn, founder of Pittsburgh Plate Glass (now PPG Industries), emerged as the top financier and leader of the American anti-vaccination movement. On March 5, 1907, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, he addressed the Public Health and Sanitization Committee of the Pennsylvania General Assembly criticizing the vaccinations. He subsequently sponsored the National Anti-Vaccination Conference, held in Philadelphia in October 1908, leading to the creation of the American Anti-Vaccination League. When the league is held later that month, the members choose Pitcairn as their first president.
On December 1, 1911, Pitcairn was appointed by Pennsylvania Governor John K. Tener to the Pennsylvania State Vaccination Commission, and then wrote a detailed report that strongly opposed the commission's conclusions. He remained a loyal enemy of vaccination until his death in 1916.
Brazil
In November 1904, in response to years of inadequate sanitation and illness, followed by a poorly described public health campaign led by renowned public health official Brazil Oswaldo Cruz, residents and military cadets in Rio de Janeiro appeared within > Revolta da Vacina , or the Vaccine Revolt. Riots broke out on the day when the vaccination law came into force; vaccination represents the most feared and most visible aspects of public health plans that include other features, such as urban renewal, which has been opposed by many people over the years.
Later vaccine and antitoxin
The opposition to smallpox vaccination continued into the 20th century and was followed by controversy over a new vaccine and the introduction of antitoxin treatment for diphtheria. Injection of horse serum to humans as used in antitoxin can cause hypersensitivity, often referred to as serum sickness. In addition, the continued production of chickenpox vaccines in animals and antitoxin production in horses encourages anti-vivisectionist to oppose vaccination.
Diphtheria antitoxin is a serum of horses that have been immunized against diphtheria, and is used to treat human cases by providing passive immunity. In 1901, the antitoxin of a horse named Jim was contaminated with tetanus and killed 13 children in St. Louis, Missouri. This incident, along with nine tetanus deaths from the contaminated smallpox vaccine in Camden, New Jersey, led directly and quickly to the passage of the Biological Control Act in 1902.
Robert Koch developed tuberculosis in 1890. Injected into an individual who had tuberculosis, he produced a hypersensitivity reaction, and was still used to detect those who had been infected. However, Koch uses tuberculosis as a vaccine. This causes serious reactions and death in individuals whose latent tuberculosis is reactivated by tuberculin. This is a major setback for new vaccine advocates. Such and other incidents ensure that any undesirable outcomes regarding vaccinations and related procedures receive sustained publicity, which grows as the number of new procedures increases.
In 1955, in the tragedy known as the Cutter incident, Cutter Laboratories produced 120,000 doses of the Salk polio vaccine that inadvertently contained several live polio viruses with inactive virus. This vaccine causes 40,000 cases of polio, 53 cases of paralysis, and five deaths. The disease spreads through the receiving family, creating a polio epidemic that causes 113 cases of polio paralysis and five other deaths. It was one of the worst pharmaceutical disasters in US history.
Then the events of the 20th century included the 1982 broadcast of the DPT: Vaccine Roulette, which sparked debates about the DPT vaccine, and the 1998 publication of fake academic articles by Andrew Wakefield that sparked the MMR vaccine controversy. Also recently, HPV vaccine has become controversial due to concerns that it may encourage promiscuity when given to girls aged 11 and 12.
Arguments against vaccines in the 21st century are often similar to 19th century anti-vaccinations.
Studies conducted during 2008-2010 show that higher education levels and socioecomonic status of parents are associated with lower rates of completion for vaccination.
Effectiveness
Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of large-scale vaccination campaigns has been well established. The vaccination campaign helped eradicate smallpox, which once killed as many as one in seven children in Europe, and almost eradicated polio. As a simpler example, the infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae, a major cause of bacterial meningitis and other serious diseases in children, has declined by more than 99% in the US since the introduction of the vaccine in 1988. It is estimated that full vaccination, from birth to adolescence, of all US children born in a given year will save 33,000 lives and prevent 14 million infections.
Some argue that this reduction in infectious diseases is the result of improved sanitation and hygiene (not vaccination), or that the disease has decreased before the introduction of specific vaccines. This claim is not supported by scientific data; the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases tends to fluctuate from time to time until the introduction of specific vaccines, at which point the incidence decreases to near zero. A Centers for Disease Control website aimed at countering a common misconception about the vaccine argues, "Are we expected to believe that better sanitation leads to incidences of every disease declining, only when the vaccine for the disease is introduced?"
Other critics argue that the immunity provided by the vaccine is only temporary and requires a booster, while those who survive from this disease become permanently immune. As discussed below, the philosophy of some alternative medicine practitioners does not match the idea that the vaccine is effective.
Population health
Incomplete coverage of the vaccine increases the risk of disease for the entire population, including those who have been vaccinated, as it reduces group immunity. For example, measles vaccine is given to children between the ages of 9 and 12 months, and the short window between the loss of maternal antibodies (before the vaccine often fails seroconvert) and natural infection means that the vaccinated child is often still vulnerable. Group immunity reduces this vulnerability if all children are vaccinated. The increased immunity of flocks during outbreaks or outbreak risk may be the most widely accepted justification for mass vaccination. Mass vaccination also helps increase coverage rapidly, thus gaining group immunity, when new vaccines are introduced.
Immune immunity also lowers risk for people with impaired immune systems. Some people who have an impaired immune system can not get certain vaccines and thus are at high risk if the people around them are not vaccinated for the disease. If an immunocompromised person is surrounded by people who have not been vaccinated and have the disease, the person is likely to get sick. The results for people with compromised immune systems who are then infected are often worse than the general population. Group immunity reduces this risk.
Cost effectiveness
The commonly used vaccine is an effective and preventive way of promoting health, compared with the treatment of acute or chronic illness. In the US during 2001, routine childhood immunization against seven diseases was estimated to save over $ 40 billion per year of cohort birth in overall social costs, including $ 10 billion in direct healthcare costs, and the community's cost-benefit ratio for vaccination was estimated at 16.5.
Needs
If a vaccination program successfully reduces the threat of disease, it can reduce the risk of perceived illness as a cultural memory of the effects of the fading disease. At this point, parents may feel they have nothing to lose by not vaccinating their children. If enough people hope to be a free rider, benefiting immunity from herd without vaccination, the rate of vaccination may go down to a level where the group's immunity ceases to be equally effective.
Events after vaccination reduction
In some countries, the reduction in the use of some vaccines is followed by increased morbidity and mortality of the disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, continued high levels of vaccine coverage are needed to prevent a virtually eliminated disease outbreak. Pertussis remains a major health problem in developing countries, where mass vaccination is not being done; The World Health Organization estimates it caused 294,000 deaths in 2002.
Stockholm, smallpox (1873-74)
An anti-vaccination campaign motivated by religious objections, concerns about effectiveness, and concerns about individual rights led to the rate of vaccination in Stockholm falling to more than 40%, compared to about 90% elsewhere in Sweden. The large epidemic of smallpox began there in 1873. This led to an increase in vaccine uptake and the end of the epidemic.
Vietnamese
During the Vietnam War, vaccinations were needed for troops to fight abroad. Because the disease follows the army, they should receive a vaccine that prevents cholera, influenza, measles, meningococcus, plague, poliovirus, smallpox, tetanus, diphtheria, typhoid, typhoid and yellow fever. However, the most common diseases in Vietnam today are measles and polio. Upon arrival in Vietnam, the United States Military conducted a "Military Community Health Assistance Project". This public health program is a joint concept of the United States Military and the Government of Vietnam to create or expand public medical facilities throughout South Vietnam. Local villages in Vietnam are inoculated. The United States military examines patients, administers drugs, distributes clothing and food, and even spreads propaganda like comic books. English, pertussis (1970s-80s) England, pertussis (1970s-80s )
In a 1974 report mentioning 36 reactions to a whooping cough vaccine (pertussis), a prominent public health academic claimed that the vaccine was only marginally effective and questioned whether its benefits were greater than the risks, and television expansion and press coverage sparked fears. Vaccine absorption in the UK decreased from 81% to 31%, and a pertussis epidemic followed, leading to the death of some children. Mainstream medical opinions continue to support the effectiveness and safety of vaccines; public trust was restored after the publication of the national reassessment of the success of the vaccine. The absorption of the vaccine then rises to levels above 90%, and the incidence of the disease decreases dramatically. Swedish, pertussis (1979-96) Swedish, pertussis (1979-96)
During the vaccination moratorium that occurred when Sweden suspended vaccination against whooping cough (pertussis) from 1979 to 1996, 60% of children in the country developed the disease before the age of 10 years; rigorous medical monitoring keeps the death rate from whooping cough by about one per year.
Netherlands, measles (1999-2000)
Outbreaks in Dutch religious and school communities resulted in 3 deaths and 68 hospitalizations among 2,961 cases. Populations in some affected provinces have high rates of immunization, with the exception of one religious denomination, who traditionally do not receive vaccinations. 95 percent of those who contracted the measles were not vaccinated. UK and Ireland, measles (2000)
As a result of the MMR vaccine controversy, vaccination rates declined sharply in the UK after 1996. From late 1999 to summer 2000, there was a measles outbreak in North Dublin, Ireland. At that time, the national immunization rate had fallen below 80%, and in some parts of North Dublin about 60%. There are more than 100 hospital admissions from over 300 cases. Three children died and some were seriously ill, some requiring mechanical ventilation to recover.
Nigeria, polio , measles, diphtheria (2001 -)
At the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, conservative religious leaders in northern Nigeria, suspicious of Western drugs, advised their followers not to be vaccinated with oral polio vaccines. The boycott was supported by the governor of the State of Kano, and immunizations were suspended for several months. Furthermore, polio reappears in a dozen polio-free neighbors from Nigeria, and genetic tests suggest the virus is the same virus that originated in northern Nigeria. Nigeria has become a net exporter of polio viruses to its neighbors in Africa. People in the northern state were also reportedly alert to other vaccinations, and Nigeria reported more than 20,000 cases of measles and nearly 600 deaths from measles from January to March 2005. In 2006, Nigeria accounted for more than half of all new polio cases across world. The plague continues afterwards; for example, at least 200 children died in the 2007 year-ending measles outbreak in the state of Borno.
Indiana, United States, Measles (2005)
The 2005 measles outbreak in the state of Indiana, USA, is associated with parents who refuse to have their children vaccinated.
Some states, the United States, measles (2013 -)
In 2000, measles were excluded from the United States because internal transmission had been cut for a year; the remaining cases reported were due to imports.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that the three largest outbreaks in 2013 are associated with unvaccinated groups of people due to their philosophical or religious beliefs. In August 2013, three pockets of outbreaks - New York City, North Carolina, and Texas - accounted for 64% of 159 cases of measles reported in 16 states.
The number of cases in 2014 increased fourfold to 644, including transmission by unvaccinated visitors to Disneyland in California. Approximately 97% of cases in the first half of the year were confirmed as direct or indirect for imports (the rest is unknown), and 49% of the Philippines. 165 of the 288 victims (57%) during that time were confirmed not vaccinated by choice; 30 (10%) confirmed to have been vaccinated. The last measles count in 2014 is 668 cases in 27 states.
From 1 January to 26 June 2015, 178 people from 24 states and the District of Columbia are reported to have measles. Most of these cases (117 cases [66%]) were part of a major multi-country outbreak associated with Disneyland in California, continuing from 2014. Analysis by CDC scientists showed that the type of measles virus in this outbreak (B3) was identical to the type of virus that causes a large measles outbreak in the Philippines by 2014. On July 2, 2015, the first confirmed death from measles in 12 years was recorded. An immunocompromised woman in Washington State is infected and later dies of pneumonia due to measles.
In the spring of 2017, a measles outbreak occurred in Minnesota. On June 16, 78 cases of measles have been confirmed in the state, 71 unvaccinated and 65 Somali-Americans. The outbreak has been linked to low vaccination rates among Somali-American children, which can be traced back to 2008, when Somali parents expressed concern about the disproportionate amount of preschool children of Somalia in special education classes receiving services for spectrum disorders autism. Around this time, Andrew Wakefield visited Minneapolis, working with vaccine skeptic groups to raise concerns about the MMR vaccine. Several studies have shown no association between MMR vaccine and autism.
Wales, measles (2013 -)
In 2013, the outbreak of measles occurred in the town of Welsh, Swansea. One death was reported. Some estimates indicate that when the MMR took for a two-year-old boy was at 94% in Wales in 1995, it fell to as low as 67.5% in Swansea in 2003, meaning the region had a "vulnerable" age group. This has been linked to the MMR vaccine controversy, which caused a large number of parents to fear allowing their children to receive the MMR vaccine. June 5, 2017 sees a new outbreak in Wales, at Lliswerry High School in Newport City.
United States, tetanus
Most cases of pediatric tetanus in the US occur in unvaccinated children.
Romania (2016-present)
As of September 2017, measles epidemics are ongoing across Europe, especially Eastern Europe. In Romania, there are about 9300 cases of measles, and 34 people - all not vaccinated - died of measles. This was preceded by the 2008 controversy regarding HPV vaccine. In 2012, physician Christa Todea-Gross publishes a free downloadable online book, this book contains false information about vaccination from abroad translated into Romanian, which significantly stimulates the growth of the anti-vaccine movement. The Romanian government formally announced the measles epidemic in September 2016, and initiated an information campaign to encourage parents to have their children vaccinated. However, in February 2017, the inventory of the MMR vaccine has been exhausted, and doctors are overloaded. Around April, vaccine stocks have been restored, but by May 2017, the death toll has risen to 25.
src: vitalitymagazine.com
Security
Few reject large-scale vaccination increases in public health; the more common concern is their security. As with any medical treatment, there is the potential for vaccines to cause serious complications, such as severe allergic reactions, but unlike most other medical interventions, vaccines are given to healthy people and hence are expected to higher safety standards. While serious complications of vaccination are possible, they are very rare and less common than the similar risks of the disease they prevent. As the success of the immunization program increases and disease incidence declines, public attention shifts away from disease risk to vaccination risk, and poses a challenge for health authorities to maintain public support for vaccination programs.
Concerns about the safety of immunizations often follow a pattern. First, some researchers argue that a medical condition of increased prevalence or unknown cause is a bad effect of vaccination. Preliminary studies and subsequent studies by the same group have inadequate methodologies - usually a series of uncontrolled or uncontrolled cases. Premature announcements are made about alleged side effects, resonating with individuals suffering from the condition, and underestimating the potential ongoing vaccination dangers for those who can be protected by vaccines. Other groups tried to replicate the initial study but failed to get the same result. Finally, it takes several years to regain public confidence in the vaccine. The adverse effects that are thought to originate from the vaccine usually have an unknown origin, increased incidence, some biological possibilities, an event nearing the time of vaccination, and a frightening outcome. In almost all cases, public health effects are limited by cultural boundaries: English speakers are concerned about a vaccine that causes autism, while French speakers worry about other vaccines that cause multiple sclerosis, and Nigerians are concerned that a third vaccine causes infertility.
Autism controversy
There is no evidence that vaccines cause autism even though the popular press and media connect both.
Thiomersal
Thiomersal (spelled "thimerosal" in the US) is an antifungal preservative used in small quantities in some multi-dose vaccines (where the same bottle is opened and used for some patients) to prevent vaccine contamination. Despite the thiomersal properties, the use of thiomersal is controversial because it contains mercury. As a result, in 1999, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) called on vaccine makers to eliminate thiomersal of the vaccine as quickly as possible on the principle of prudence. Thiomersal is now absent from all common US and European vaccines, except for some influenza vaccine preparations. (The number of traces remains in some vaccines due to the production process, at a maximum estimate of 1 microgram, about 15% of the average daily mercury intake in the US for adults and 2.5% of the daily rate considered to be tolerated by the WHO.) The action triggered fears that thiomersal can cause autism. This idea is now considered unproven, as the incidence rate for autism increases steadily even after thiomersal is excluded from childhood vaccines. There is currently no scientific evidence that thiomersal exposure is a contributing factor to autism. Since 2000, parents in the United States have pursued legal compensation from federal funds on the grounds that thiomersal causes autism in their children. The 2004 Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee supports the rejection of a causal relationship between vaccines and thiomersal-containing autism.
MMR vaccine
In the UK, the MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy following the publication in The Lancet of a 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield and others reported a case history of 12 children mostly with autism spectrum disorder with immediate onset after administration of the vaccine. At the 1998 press conference, Wakefield suggested that giving the children of the vaccine in three separate doses would be safer than a single vaccination. This suggestion is not supported by papers, and some subsequent peer-reviewed studies have failed to show a link between vaccines and autism. It was later discovered that Wakefield had received funding from the litigant against the manufacturer of the vaccine and that he did not notify colleagues or medical authorities of any conflict of interest; already known, the publication on The Lancet will not happen as it happened. Wakefield has been heavily criticized on a scientific basis and to trigger a decrease in vaccination rates (vaccination rates in the UK dropped to 80% in the years following the study), as well as on ethical reasons for the way research was conducted. In 2004, the MMR-and-autism interpretation of the paper was formally recalled by 10 of 12 Wakefield's co-authors, and in 2010 The Lancet was completely retracted paper. Wakefield was struck from the British medical list, with a statement identifying deliberate forgery in research published in The Lancet and banned from medical practice in Britain.
The CDC, the IOM National Academy of Sciences, and the UK National Health Service conclude that there is no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. A systematic review by the Cochrane Library concludes that there is no credible relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism, that MMR has prevented diseases that still carry a heavy burden of death and complications, that lack of confidence in MMR has damaged public health, and that the design and reporting of security outcomes in the MMR vaccine study is largely inadequate.
In 2009, The Sunday Times reported that Wakefield had manipulated patient data and incorrect results were reported in his paper in 1998, creating a look of relationship with autism. A 2011 article in the British Medical Journal illustrates how the data in the study has been faked by Wakefield so that it will arrive at a predetermined conclusion. An editorial in the same journal describes Wakefield's work as "elaborate fraud" that leads to lower vaccination rates, putting hundreds of thousands of children at risk and diverting energy and money from research into the true cause of autism.
A special court convened in the United States to review claims under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program ruled on February 12, 2009 that parents of autistic children are not entitled to compensation in their dispute that certain vaccines cause autism in their children.
"Excess vaccines"
"Excess vaccine", a non-medical term, is the idea that providing multiple vaccines at a time can overwhelm or weaken a child's immature immune system and cause harmful effects. Despite scientific evidence that is very much at odds with this idea, some parents of autistic children believe that excess vaccines cause autism. The resulting controversy has caused many parents to delay or avoid immunizing their children. Such parental misunderstandings are a major obstacle to children's immunizations.
The concept of excess vaccine is flawed on several levels. Despite an increase in the number of vaccines over the last few decades, improvements in vaccine design have reduced the immunological burden of vaccines; the total number of immunological components in 14 vaccines given to US children in 2009 was less than 10% of what was in 7 vaccines given in 1980. A study published in 2013 found no correlation between autism and the amount of antigen in vaccine. children are given up to two years of age. Of the 1,008 children enrolled in the study, a quarter of those diagnosed with autism were born between 1994 and 1999, when routine vaccine schedules may contain more than 3,000 antigens (in one DTP vaccine injection). The vaccine schedule in 2012 contains more vaccines, but the amount of antigen exposed by children by the age of two is 315. Vaccines carry a very small immunological burden compared to pathogens naturally encountered by a child during a typical year; Common childhood conditions such as fever and middle ear infections present a much greater challenge to the immune system than vaccines, and studies have shown that vaccinations, even some concurrent vaccinations, do not weaken the immune system or endanger overall immunity. The lack of evidence supporting the vaccine overload hypothesis, combined with these findings in direct contradiction, has led to the conclusion that currently recommended vaccine programs do not "burden" or weaken the immune system.
Any experiments based on vaccine cuts from children are considered unethical, and observational research is likely to be confused by differences in the behavior of seeking unvaccinated child health care. Thus, no study directly compares the rates of autism in vaccinated and unvaccinated children. However, the concept of excess vaccine is children who are biologically unreasonable, vaccinated and unvaccinated have the same immune response to non-vaccine-related infections, and autism is not an immune-mediated disease, claiming that the vaccine can cause it by burdening the system immune. against current knowledge of the pathogenesis of autism. Thus, the idea that vaccines cause autism has been effectively dismissed by the current weight of evidence.
Prenatal infection
There is evidence that schizophrenia is associated with prenatal exposure to rubella, influenza, and toxoplasmosis infections. For example, one study found a sevenfold increased risk of schizophrenia when the mother was exposed to influenza in the first trimester of pregnancy. It may have public health implications, as a strategy to prevent infection including vaccinations, simple hygiene, and, in the case of toxoplasmosis, antibiotics. Based on research on animal models, theoretical concerns have been raised about the possible link between schizophrenia and maternal immune responses activated by viral antigens; the 2009 review concludes that there is ample evidence to recommend regular use of trivalent influenza vaccine during the first trimester of pregnancy, but vaccines are still recommended beyond the first trimester and in special circumstances such as pandemics or in women with other specific conditions. The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Academy of Family Physicians all recommend routine flu injections for pregnant women, for several reasons:
- their risk for serious medical complications related to serious influenza during the last two trimesters;
- their greater level of flu-related hospitalization compared with non-pregnant women;
- possible transfer of maternal anti-influenza antibodies to children, protecting children from the flu; and
- some studies that find no harm to pregnant women or their children from vaccinations.
Despite this recommendation, only 16% of healthy US pregnant women surveyed in 2005 had been vaccinated against the flu.
Aluminum
The aluminum compound is used as an immunological adjuvant to increase the effectiveness of many vaccines. Aluminum apparently simulates or causes small amounts of tissue damage, encouraging the body to respond more strongly to what it sees as a serious infection and encourage the development of a lasting immune response. In some cases this compound has been linked to redness, itching, and mild fever, but the use of aluminum in the vaccine has not been associated with serious side effects. In some cases, aluminum-containing vaccines are associated with macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF), localized microscopic lesions containing aluminum salts that last up to 8 years. However, recent controlled case studies found no specific clinical symptoms in individuals with biopsy showing MMF, and there is no evidence that aluminum-containing vaccines represent a serious health risk or justify a change in immunization practice.
Vaccinating anthrax
When the US military begins to need its troops to receive the anthrax vaccine, some US military forces refuse to do so, which causes military military threats.
Swine flu vaccine
During the 2009 flu pandemic, significant controversy arose as to whether the 2009 H1N1 flu vaccine is safe in, among other countries, France. Many different French groups openly criticize the vaccine as potentially dangerous.
Other security issues
Other safety concerns about vaccines have been published on the Internet, in informal meetings, in books, and at the symposium. These include the hypothesis that vaccination can lead to sudden infant death syndrome, epilepsy seizures, allergies, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, as well as the hypothesis that vaccinations can transmit the spongiform encephalopathy of cattle, hepatitis C virus and HIV. These hypotheses have been investigated, with the conclusion that the current vaccine meets high safety standards and that critiques of vaccine safety in the popular press can not be justified. A large, well-controlled epidemiological study has been conducted and the results do not support the hypothesis that vaccines cause chronic disease. In addition, some vaccines may be more likely to prevent or modify than cause or worsen autoimmune disease.
Individual freedom
The mandatory vaccination policy has provoked opposition at various times from those who argue that governments should not violate the individual's freedom to make medical decisions for themselves.
In the United States, mandatory vaccination legislation sometimes provokes opposition from members of an anti-government or libertarian faction, expressing concern over what they see as convergence or merging the public and private sectors. They point to the possibility of a conflict of interest due to funding vaccine research and misinformation that sparked a debate on both sides. Others argue that, for mandatory vaccinations to effectively prevent disease, there must be not only available vaccines and populations that are willing to be immunized, but also sufficient ability to reject vaccinations on the basis of personal beliefs.
Vaccination offers ethical issues beyond the normal problems of parents deciding on medical care for their children, because unvaccinated individuals can spread the disease to people (especially children and the elderly) with a weaker immune system, and to people whose vaccine has not been effective. For this reason, even if it is not required by law, some schools and doctors have banned parents with unvaccinated children to enroll. A further complication arises in emergency rooms and urgent care facilities, especially those aimed at treating children as unvaccinated children are often taken to this facility after getting illness and showing symptoms. Other children in facilities with impaired immune systems are exposed. Compulsory vaccination also raises ethical concerns about parental rights and informed consent.
Religion
Vaccination has been challenged on religious grounds since it was introduced. Some opponents of Christianity argue, when vaccination first widespread, that if God had decided that someone should die of smallpox, it would be a sin to thwart God's will through vaccination. The religious opposition continues to this day, for various reasons, increasing ethical difficulties when the number of unvaccinated children poses a danger to the entire population. Many governments allow parents to opt out of their children if not mandatory vaccinations for religious reasons; some parents mistakenly claim religious beliefs to get exceptions to vaccinations.
The Haredi burqa sect in Israel opposes vaccinations and medical treatment on a moral basis, which causes the death of at least one infant from untreated influenza.
Among the early Hasid leaders, Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1772-1810) was known for his criticism of doctors and medical care of his day. However, when the first vaccine was successfully introduced, he stated: "Every parent should have her children vaccinated in the first three months of life.Failure to do so is tantamount to murder Even if they stay away from the city and have to travel during the season cool, they must have children vaccinated before three months. "
In the United States, there are currently only three states (Mississippi, West Virginia, and California) that do not provide exceptions based on religious beliefs.
Cell culture of several viral vaccines, and the rubella vaccine virus, originated in tissue derived from therapeutic abortions conducted in the 1960s, leading to moral questions. For example, the dual effect principle, derived from Thomas Aquinas, states that actions with good and bad consequences are morally acceptable under certain circumstances, and the question is how this principle applies to vaccinations. The Vatican Curia has expressed concern about the origins of the embryonic rubella vaccine, saying that Catholics have "a big responsibility to use alternative vaccines and to make a conscientious objection regarding those who have moral problems". The Vatican concluded that until there is an available alternative, it is acceptable for Catholics to use the existing vaccine, writing, "This is an unfair alternative choice, which should be eliminated as soon as possible." In the US, some parents claim false religious exceptions when their true motivation to avoid vaccines is considered a security issue.
Alternative medicine
Many forms of alternative medicine are based on philosophies that oppose vaccinations (including denial of germ theory) and have practitioners who voiced their opposition. These include some elements of the chiropractic community, some homeopaths, and naturopaths. The reason for this negative vaccination view is complicated and at least partly in the early philosophy that formed the foundations of these groups.
Chiropractic
Historically, chiropractic strongly opposed vaccination based on its belief that all diseases can be traced to a cause in the spine and therefore can not be affected by the vaccine. Daniel D. Palmer (1845-1913), founder of chiropractic, writes: "It is highly unreasonable to attempt to 'protect' everyone from smallpox or other diseases by injecting them with the poison of a dirty animal." Vaccinations are still controversial in the profession. Most chiropractic papers on vaccination focus on the negative aspects; A 1995 survey of US chiropractic experts found that about one-third believe there is no scientific evidence that immunization prevents disease. While the Canadian Chiropractic Association supported the vaccinations, a survey in Alberta in 2002 found that 25% of chiropractors advised patients to, and 27% advised against, vaccinations for patients or for their children.
Although most chiropractic colleges try to teach about vaccination in ways that are consistent with scientific evidence, some have faculty that seem to emphasize a negative outlook. A 1999-2000 cross-section survey of Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC) students, who did not formally teach an anti-vaccination view, reported that fourth-year students opposed vaccinations more strongly than first-year students, with 29.4% fourth-year students against vaccination. A follow-up study in 2011-12 CMCC students found that pro-vaccination behavior was strongly dominated. Students report support levels ranging from 84% to 90%. One of the study's authors proposed a change of attitude due to the lack of prior influence of the "subgroup of some charismatic students enrolled in the CMCC at the time, students who championed the Palmer postulate which advocated the use of vaccinations."
Policy position
The American Chiropractic Association and the International Chiropractic Association support the exclusion of individuals against mandatory vaccination laws. In March 2015, the Oregon Chiropractic Association invited Andrew Wakefield, lead author of a fake research paper, to testify against Senate Bill 442, "Bill that will eliminate nonmedical exceptions from Oregon school immunization law". The California Chiropractic Association lobbied against the 2015 bill ending a confidence exemption for the vaccine. They also opposed the 2012 bill regarding the exclusion of vaccinations.
Homeopathy
Several surveys show that some homeopathic practitioners, especially homeopaths without medical training, advise patients on vaccinations. For example, a registered homeopathic survey in Austria found that only 28% considered immunization an important preventive measure, and 83% of homeopaths surveyed in Sydney, Australia, did not recommend vaccination. Many naturopathic practitioners also oppose vaccination.
"Homeopathic" (nosodes) vaccines are ineffective because they do not contain active ingredients and thus do not stimulate the immune system. They can be dangerous if they take effective care. Some medical organizations have taken action against nosodes. In Canada, labeling homeopathic nosodes requires the statement: "This product is not a vaccine or an alternative to vaccination."
Financial motives
Advocates of alternative medicine benefit from promoting vaccine conspiracy theories through the sale of ineffective and expensive drugs, supplements, and procedures such as chelation therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, sold for being able to cure 'damage' caused by vaccines. Homeopathy experts get special benefits through the promotion of water injections or 'nosodes' suspected of having effects such as 'natural' vaccines. Additional bodies with interests in promoting "unsafe" vaccines may include lawyers and legal groups who arrange court cases and class action lawsuits against vaccine providers. In contrast, alternative drug providers have accused the vaccine industry of misrepresenting the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, covering up and suppressing information, and influencing health policy decisions for financial gain.
By the end of the 20th century, vaccines were products with low profit margins, and the number of companies involved in vaccine production declined. In addition to low profit and liability risks, manufacturers complain about the low prices paid for vaccines by the CDC and other US government agencies. In the early 21st century, the vaccine market grew rapidly with the approval of the Prevnar vaccine, along with a small number of other expensive blockbuster vaccines, such as Gardasil and Pediarix, which each had sales revenues of more than $ 1 billion in 2008.
War
The United States has a very complex history with mandatory vaccinations, particularly in enforcing mandatory vaccinations both at home and abroad to protect American soldiers during wartime. There are hundreds of thousands of examples of army deaths that are not the result of battle wounds, but from illness. Among the wars with the high death toll of the disease was the Civil War in which an estimated 620,000 soldiers died of disease. American troops in other countries have spread diseases that ultimately disturb the whole society and the health system with hunger and poverty. Spanish Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War began in April 1898 and ended in August 1898. During this time the United States occupied Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines from Spain. As a military police force and as a colonist, the United States took a direct approach in managing health care especially vaccinations to indigenous peoples during the invasion and conquest of these countries. Although the Spanish-American War occurred during the era of "bacteriological revolution" in which knowledge of disease was supported by the germ theory, more than half of the army casualties in this war originated from the disease. Unwittingly, American soldiers acted as agents of disease transmission, assisting the development of bacteria in their arbitrary camps. These soldiers invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines and linked parts of these countries that have never been connected because these countries have a rare character that epidemic becomes epidemic. The mobility of American troops around these countries is driving new mobility from a disease that rapidly infects indigenous populations. Military personnel use Rudyard's Kipling poem "The White Man's Burden" to explain their imperialistic actions in Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico and the need for the United States to help "dark-skinned Barbarians" achieve modern sanitation standards. American action abroad before, during, and after the war emphasizes the need for good sanitation habits, especially on behalf of the indigenous population. Indigenous people who refuse to comply with American health standards and procedures risk fines or imprisonment. One penalty in Puerto Rico includes a $ 10 penalty for vaccination failures and an additional $ 5 penalty for each day you continue unvaccinated, the refusal to pay results in ten or more days in jail. If all villages reject the current sanitation policy, they risk being burned down to safeguard the health and safety of soldiers from endemic smallpox and yellow fever. Vaccines are forcibly given to the people of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. Military personnel in Puerto Rico provide Public Health services that culminate in military orders that require vaccinations for children before their six months as well as general vaccination orders. At the end of 1899 in Puerto Rico itself, the US military and other indigenous leased vaccinators were called practitioners, vaccinating about 860,000 indigenous people over a five-month period. This period initiated the United States movement towards the expansion of medical practices that included "tropical medicine" in an effort to protect the lives of soldiers abroad.
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External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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