Margaret Sanger

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Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins , September 14, 1879 - September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) is a birth control activist America, sex educators, writers, and nurses. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established an organization that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

Sanger uses his writings and speeches primarily to promote his way of thinking. He was sued for his book Family Limitation under the Comstock Act in 1914. He feared what would happen, so he fled to England until he knew it was safe to return to the United States. Sanger's efforts contribute to some court cases that help legalize contraception in the United States. Due to his relationship with Planned Parenthood, Sanger is often the target of criticism by abortion opponents. However, Sanger draws a sharp distinction between birth control and abortion and opposes abortion through most of his career. Sanger remains a figure admired in the American reproductive rights movement. He has been criticized for supporting negative eugenics.

In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to his arrest for spreading information about contraception, after an undercover female cop bought a copy of his pamphlet on family planning. His trials and appeals resulted in controversy. Sanger feels that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to live a healthier life, they must be able to determine when to give birth to children. He also wanted to prevent the so-called back-alley abortion, which was common at the time because of illegal abortion in the United States. He believes that although abortion is sometimes justified, it should generally be avoided, and he considers contraception the only practical way to avoid it.

In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In New York City, he organized the first birth control clinic run by a female doctor, as well as a clinic in Harlem with an African-American advisory board, in which African-American staff was later added. In 1929, he formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, which served as the central point of his attempt to legalize contraception in the United States. From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. He died in 1966, and is widely regarded as the founder of the modern birth control movement.

Video Margaret Sanger

Life

Initial life

Sanger was born to Margaret Louise Higgins in 1879 in Corning, New York, to Michael Hennessey Higgins, an Irish-born mason and free thinker, and Anne Purcell Higgins, an Irish-American Catholic. Michael Hennessey Higgins had emigrated to the United States at the age of 14 and joined the Army as a drummer at the age of 15, during the Civil War. After leaving the army, Michael studied medicine and phrenology, but eventually became a stone carver, making stone angels, saints, and tombstones. Michael H. Higgins is a Catholic who became an atheist and activist for women's suffrage and free general education. Anne was born in Ireland. Her parents took the family to Canada during the Potato Famine. He married Michael in 1869. Anne Higgins underwent 18 pregnancies (with 11 live births) in 22 years before dying at 49 years of age. Sanger is the sixth child of eleven surviving children, and spends much of his youth assisting with housework and caring. for his younger siblings.

Supported by her two older sisters, Margaret Higgins attended Claverack College and the Hudson River Institute, before applying in 1900 at White Plains Hospital as an experimental nurse. In 1902, he married architect William Sanger and gave up his education. Though he is plagued by recurrent active tuberculosis conditions, Margaret Sanger gives birth to three children, and the couple settles in a quiet life in Westchester, New York.

Social activism

In 1911, after a fire destroyed their home in Hastings-on-Hudson, Sangers left the suburbs for a new life in New York City. Margaret Sanger works as a guest nurse in a slum neighborhood on the East Side, while her husband works as an architect and a house painter. Having been imbued with her husband's leftist politics, Margaret Sanger also plunged into radical politics and the pre-World War I, Greenwich Village bohemian values. He joined the New York Socialist Party Women's Committee, taking part in the labor actions of World Industrial Workers (including 1912 Lawrence's famous textile strike and Paterson's 1913 silk strike) and engaging with local, left-wing intellectuals. artists, socialists and social activists, including John Reed, Upton Sinclair, Mabel Dodge, and Emma Goldman.

Sanger's political interests, the emergence of feminism and nursing experience led him to write two columns of sex education titled "What Every Mother Should Know" (1911-12) and "What Every Girl Should Know" (1912-13) for socialist magazine > New York Call. By today's standards, Sanger's articles are very open in discussions about sexuality, and many readers of New York Call are angry with them. Other readers, however, praised the series for his straightforwardness. One claimed that the series contained "a purer morality of an entire library filled with hypocrisy about modesty". Both were published in book form in 1916.

During her work among working-class immigrant women, Sanger meets with women who often give birth, miscarriage, and abortion due to lack of information on how to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Access to contraceptive information is prohibited by obscenity by federal Comstock law of 1873 and a number of state laws. Looking to help these women, Sanger visited the public library, but could not find information about contraception. These issues are represented in a story that Sanger will later recount in his speech: while Sanger works as a nurse, he is summoned to the apartment of a woman, "Sadie Sachs", who has become very ill with self-induced abortion. Afterwards, Sadie begs the visiting doctor to tell her how she can prevent this from happening again, whose doctors only advise her to keep fast. A few months later, Sanger was called back to Sadie's apartment - only this time, Sadie "died shortly after Sanger arrived.He has tried to have self-induced abortion Sanger sometimes ends his story by saying," I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced... that I will never take another case until I have made it possible for women working in America to have the knowledge to control birth, "biographer Ellen Chesler tried unsuccessfully to find the proof of this story.

This story - along with Sanger's healing in 1904 from his unwanted niece, Olive Byrne, from the snowfalls where he was abandoned - marks the beginning of Sanger's commitment to rescue women from the pursuit of dangerous and illegal abortions. Sanger opposes abortion, but primarily as a public health hazard and public health that will be lost if women are able to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

Given the connection between contraception and empowerment of the working class, Sanger believes that only by freeing women from unwanted pregnancy risks will be fundamental social changes. He launched a campaign to oppose government censorship of contraceptive information through confrontational action.

Sanger became separated from her husband in 1913, and the couple's divorce was completed in 1921. In 1922 she married her second husband, James Noah H. Slee.

In 1914, Sanger launched The Woman Rebel , an eight-page monthly newsletter promoting contraception using the slogan "No Gods, No Masters". Sanger, in collaboration with anarchist friends, popularized the term "birth control" as a more honest alternative to euphemisms such as "family restrictions"; the term "birth control" was suggested in 1914 by a young friend named Otto Bobstei Sanger stating that every woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body." In the early years of Sanger's activism, he saw birth control as a matter of free speech, and when he began publishing The Woman Rebel, one of his goals was to provoke legal challenges to anti-federalism. obscenity laws that prohibit the dissemination of information about contraception. Although postal authorities are pressing five of seven issues, Sanger continues the publication, while setting up Family Limitation , another challenge to anti-birth control laws. This 16 page pamphlet contains detailed and precise information and graphical descriptions of various contraceptive methods. In August 1914 Margaret Sanger was indicted for violating postal obscenity laws by sending The Woman Rebel via the postal system. Instead of being tried, he fled the country.

Margaret Sanger spent most of her exile in England in 1914, where contact with British neo-Malthuses such as Charles Vickery Drysdale helped to improve her socio-economic justification for birth control. He shared their concerns that overpopulation causes poverty, hunger and war. At the Fifth International Neo-Malthusian Conference in 1922, he was the first woman to lead the session. He organized the Neo-Malthusian International Conference and the Birth of the Sixth Birth that took place in New York in 1925. & gt; The excess population will remain a concern for the rest of his life.

During his 1914 trip to England, he was also strongly influenced by the liberation theories of Havelock Ellis, under his supervision he sought not only to make sex safer for women but more enjoyable. Another important character he met at the time was Marie Stopes, who met Sanger after he had just spoken of birth control at the Fabian Society meeting. Stopes showed Sanger his writings and sought his advice on the chapter on contraception.

In early 1915, Margaret Sanger's estranged husband, William Sanger, gave a copy of Family Limitation to an anti-deputy politician representative Anthony Comstock. William Sanger was tried and sentenced, spending thirty days in prison while attracting interest in birth control as an issue of civil liberties. Margaret's second husband, Noah Slee, also gave his help for the work of his life. In 1928, Slee will smuggle diaphragms to New York via Canada in a box labeled 3-In-One Oil. He later became the first legal producer of diaphragms in the United States.

Birth control motion

Some countries in northwestern Europe had a more liberal policy toward contraception than the United States at the time, and when Sanger visited the Dutch-born birth control clinic in 1915, he learned about the diaphragm and became convinced that they were a more effective contraceptive device than suppository and douche that he distributed in the United States. Diaphragms are not generally available in the United States, so Sanger and others began importing them from Europe, contrary to US law.

On October 16, 1916, Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic at 46 Amboy Street in Brownsville, Brooklyn, the first in the United States. Nine days after the clinic opened, Sanger was arrested. Sanger's warrant is $ 500 and he goes home. Sanger went on to see some women in the clinic until the police came the second time. This time, Sanger and his sister, Ethel Byrne, were arrested for violating New York state laws prohibiting the distribution of contraceptives. Sanger is also accused of public disruption. Sanger and Byrne went to trial in January 1917. Byrne was convicted and sentenced to 30 days in a social home but went on a hunger strike. He was force-fed, the first hungry striker in the US to be treated as such. Only when Sanger promised that Byrne would not break the law, he was forgiven after ten days. Sanger was sentenced; The court judge ruled that women had no "right to copulate with a sense of security that no conception would result." Sanger was offered a softer punishment if he promised not to break the law again, but he replied: "I can not respect the law as it exists today." For this, he was sentenced to 30 days in a social home. Initial appeals were rejected, but in subsequent trials in 1918, the birth control movement won a victory when Judge Frederick E. Crane of the New York Appellate Court issued a ruling that allowed doctors to prescribe contraception. The publicity surrounding Sanger's arrest, trial and appeal triggered birth control activism throughout the United States and gained support from many donors, who will provide him with funding and support for future ventures.

In February 1917, Sanger began publishing the Birth Control Review .

American Birth Control League

After World War I, Sanger shifted away from radical politics, and he founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) in 1921 to enlarge his support base to include the middle class. The founding principles of ABCL are as follows:

We argue that children should (1) be created in love; (2) Being born of the conscious desire of the mother; (3) And only begotten under conditions that allow health inheritance. Therefore we believe that every woman should have the strength and freedom to prevent conception unless this condition can be met.

After Sanger's appeal of his belief in the Brownsville clinic guarantees a 1918 court ruling that frees the doctor from a law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptive information to women (provided it is prescribed for medical reasons), he founded the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB) in 1923 to exploit this gap. CRB is the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, managed entirely by female doctors and social workers. The clinic received extensive funding from John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his family, who continue to provide anonymous donations for Sanger's cause in the next decade.

John D. Rockefeller Jr. contributed five thousand dollars to his American Birth Control League in 1924 and for the second time in 1925. In 1922, he traveled to China, Korea, and Japan. In China he observes that the main method of family planning is female infanticide, and he later worked with Pearl Buck to set up a family planning clinic in Shanghai. Sanger visited Japan six times, working with Japanese feminist Kato Shidzue to promote birth control. It's ironic, since ten years earlier Sanger accused Kat? murder and praise attempts to kill him.

In 1928, the conflict in the leadership of birth control leadership prompted Sanger to resign as president of ABCL and assume full control of the CRB, changing its name to Birth Control Birth Control Clinical Bureau (BCCRB), marking the beginning of a split that would last until 1938.

Sanger invested a lot of effort to communicate with the general public. From 1916 onwards, he often taught (in churches, women's clubs, homes, and theaters) to workers, churches, liberals, socialists, scientists, and upper-class women. He had taught birth control to a Ku Klux Klan lady aide in Silver Lake, New Jersey.

He wrote several books in 1920 that had a national impact in promoting the causes of birth control. Between 1920 and 1926, 567,000 copies of Women and New Races and The Pivot of Civilization were sold. He also wrote two autobiographies designed to promote the cause. The first, My Fight for Birth Control , was published in 1931 and the second, a more promotional version, Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography , published in 1938.

During the 1920s, Sanger received hundreds of thousands of letters, many of which were written in despair by women asking for information on how to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Five hundred of these letters were compiled into the 1928 book, Motherhood in Slavery.

Working with an African-American community

Sanger works with African American leaders and professionals who see the need for birth control in their communities. In 1929, James H. Hubert, a black social worker and leader of the New York Urban League, asked Sanger to open a clinic in Harlem. Sanger obtained funding from Dana Julius Rosenwald and opened a clinic, with black doctors, in 1930. The clinic was led by a 15-member advisory board of black doctors, nurses, clergymen, journalists and social workers. The clinic was published in the African-American press as well as in black churches, and received approval from WEB Du Bois, founder of NAACP and editor of his magazine, The Crisis. Sanger does not tolerate fanaticism among his staff, nor will he tolerate any refusal to work on interracial projects. Sanger's work with a minority earned praise from Martin Luther King, Jr., in his acceptance speech of 1966 for the Margaret Sanger award.

From 1939 to 1942 Sanger was an honorary delegate of the American Birth Control Federation, which included a supervisory role - along with Mary Lasker and Clarence Gamble - in the Negro Project, an attempt to give birth to poor blacks. Sanger, on the objections of other overseers, wants the Negro Project to employ black ministers in leadership roles. To emphasize the benefits of hiring black community leaders to act as spokespeople, he wrote to Gamble:

We should hire three or four colorful ministers, preferably with a social service background, and with an engaging personality. The most successful educational approach for Negroes is through religious appeals. We do not want the news out that we want to destroy the Negro population, and the minister is the one who can straighten the idea if it ever happened to other rebel members.

New York University's Margaret Sanger Papers Project says that although the letter is intended to avoid a false assumption that the Negro Project is a racist campaign, conspiracy theorists have been fraudulently trying to exploit the quotation "as evidence he led the calculated effort to reduce the population blacks against their desires ".

Planned Parenthood era

In 1929, Sanger established the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control in order to lobby law to invalidate restrictions on contraception. The attempt failed to succeed, so Sanger ordered the diaphragm from Japan in 1932, to provoke a decisive battle in court. The diaphragm was confiscated by the United States government, and subsequent legal challenges from Sanger resulted in a 1936 court ruling that annulled the crucial provisions of the Comstock law prohibiting doctors from obtaining contraception. This court victory motivated the American Medical Association in 1937 to adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a key component of the medical school curriculum.

The triumph of this 1936 contraceptive trial was the culmination of Sanger's birth control effort, and he took the opportunity, now in his 50s, to move to Tucson, Arizona, intending to play a less important role in the birth control movement. Despite his initial intentions, he remained active in the movement during the 1950s.

In 1937, Sanger became chairman of the newly formed American Birth Control Council, and sought to resolve the split between ABCL and BCCRB. His efforts were successful, and the two organizations merged in 1939 as the American Birth Control Federation. Although Sanger continued in the role of president, he no longer used the same powers as in the early years of the movement, and in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization renamed the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, a name Sanger objected to because he considered it too smooth.

In 1948, Sanger helped establish the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation in 1952, and soon became the world's largest international familyal non-governmental birth control organization. Sanger was the organization's first president and served in that role until he was 80 years old. In the early 1950s, Sanger encouraged philanthropist Katharine McCormick to provide funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop birth control pills that were eventually sold under the name Enovid. Pincus has recruited Dr. John Rock, a Harvard obstetrician, to investigate the clinical use of progesterone to prevent ovulation. ("The Pill" (2009) PBS series Accessed 29 November 2009.)

Death

Sanger died of congestive heart failure in 1966 in Tucson, Arizona, 86, about a year after the US Supreme Court case of Griswold v. Connecticut , which legalizes birth control in the United States. Sanger is buried in Fishkill, New York, next to his sister, Nan Higgins, and her second husband, Noah Slee. One of his surviving brothers is a College Football Hall of Fame player and Pennsylvania State College Football Coach Bob Higgins.

Maps Margaret Sanger

Views

Sexuality

While researching information on contraception, Sanger reads his treatise on sexuality including The Psychology of Sex by British psychologist Havelock Ellis and is heavily influenced by it. While traveling in Europe in 1914, Sanger met Ellis. Influenced by Ellis, Sanger adopted his view of sexuality as a powerful and liberating force. This view provides another argument in favor of birth control, as this will allow women to enjoy sexual intercourse without fear of unwanted pregnancies. Sanger also believed that sexuality, along with birth control, should be discussed with more candor, and praised Ellis for his efforts in this direction. He also blames Christianity for suppressing such discussions.

Sanger opposes excessive sexual favors. He writes that "every normal man and woman have the power to control and direct their sex drive, the men and women who control it and constantly use their brain cells to think deeply, never sensually." Sanger says that birth control will lift women away from positions of lust and lift sex away from pure to satisfy lust, saying that birth control "denies that sex should be reduced to a position of sensual lust, or that woman should allow herself to be a tool of her satisfaction. "Sanger writes that masturbation is dangerous. He stated: "In my personal experience as a trained nurse while attending people who suffer from various diseases and often rebelled, no matter what their illnesses, I have never found anyone disgusting as a chronic masturbator. It would not be difficult to fill a page on a Page from the heart-wrenching confessions made by young girls whose lives are ravaged by this destructive habit, always begins so innocently. "She believes that women have the ability to control their sex drive, and must use that control to avoid sex outside a relationship characterized by "confidence and respect." He believed that doing such a control would lead to "the strongest and most sacred desires." However, Sanger is not opposed to homosexuality and praises Ellis for clarifying "homosexual questions... making it - not a pervert, but something that someone is born with different kinds of eyes, various types of structures and so on... that he does not make all homosexuals deviant - and I think he helped clarify it to the medical profession and the world's scientists because it was probably one of the first to do that. "

Freedom of speech

Sanger opposed censorship throughout his career. Sanger grew up in a house where the orator Robert Ingersoll was admired. During his early years of activism, Sanger saw birth control primarily as a matter of free speech, rather than as a feminist issue, and when he began publishing The Woman Rebel in 1914, he did so with the intention of revealing provoking challenges the law for the law Comstock prohibits the dissemination of information about contraception. In New York, Emma Goldman introduced Sanger to Free Speech League members, such as Edward Bliss Foote and Theodore Schroeder, and then the League provided funding and advice to help Sanger with a legal battle.

During his career, Sanger was arrested at least eight times for expressing his views during an era in which talking openly about contraception was illegal. Many times in his career, local government officials prevented Sanger from talking to shut down facilities or threaten his host. In Boston in 1929, city officials under the leadership of James Curley threatened to arrest him if he spoke. In response he stood on stage, silent, with a gag in his mouth, while his speech was read by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.

Eugenics

After World War I, Sanger increasingly urged people's need to limit births by those who were least able to support children. The prosperous and educated have limited the birth of their child, while the poor and uneducated lack access to contraception and information about birth control. Here he finds an area that overlaps with the eugenicists. He believes that they are both trying to "help the race toward an improper elimination." They differ in terms of "eugenists imply or insist that a woman's first duty is for the state; we argue that her duty to herself is her obligation to the state." Sanger is a negative eugenic supporter, which aims to improve the heredity of human beings through social intervention by reducing their reproduction that is considered improper.

Sanger's view of eugenics is influenced by Havelock Ellis and other British eugenicists, who argue that attributes derived in the environment are inherited by one's offspring. As a result, he rejected race and ethnicity as the deciding factor. Instead, he emphasized limiting the number of births to live in one's economic ability to raise and support healthy children. This will lead to the improvement of society and mankind. Sanger's views make him at odds with leading American eugenicists, such as Charles Davenport, who takes a racist view of inherited traits. He continues to reject their approach.

In the "Birth Control Mormality", a 1921 speech, he divided the society into three groups: the "educated and informed" class that governs the size of their family, "smart and responsible" who want to control their families regardless of lack of means or knowledge, and "irresponsible and reckless people" whose religious objections "prevent them from exercising control over their numbers." Sanger concludes, "There is no doubt in the minds of all who think that the procreation of this group should be stopped."

Sanger's eugenic policies include an exclusive immigration policy, free access to birth control methods, and full autonomy of family planning for a healthy-minded person, as well as mandatory separation or sterilization for "very backward". Sanger writes, "we [do not] believe that society can or should send to the deadly chamber of the defective progeny resulting from irresponsible and unskilled breeding." In personal correspondence he expressed his sadness about the aggressive and deadly Nazi egenetic program; and donated to the American Council Against Nazi Propaganda. In addition, Sanger believes the responsibility for birth control must remain with the minded individual parent of the state, and that the self-determining mother is the only unwavering foundation for racial improvement.

Margaret Sanger justified her decision to speak with the Ku Klux Klan group by explaining, "For me, the aroused group is a good group." He was closely associated with one of the most influential and extreme racist writers in America in the 1920s and 1930s, the Clan and Nazi sympathizers, Lothrop Stoddard. Comment Chesler:

Margaret Sanger has never been a racist, but she lives in a very fanatical society, and her failure to reject prejudice - especially when it is apparent among her supporters - has been hunting her ever since

Abortion

Early in his career (for example, when he became editor of The Woman Rebel's journal) Sanger is a proponent of abortion rights. However, during his greatest years of influence, he opposed abortion and sharply distinguished contraceptives, which he saw as the fundamental rights of women, and access to abortion, which he did not see as such. Already in 1916 when he opened his first birth control clinic, he used abusive rhetoric against abortion. The leaflets he distributed to women in all capitals: "Do not kill, do not take life, but prevent." The Sanger patient was told "that abortion is the wrong way - no matter how early it takes life, contraception is a better way, safer way - takes a little time, a bit of a problem, but it's worth while in the long run, because life has not started yet. "Sanger consistently distance himself from every call for legal access to abortion, arguing that legal access to contraception would eliminate the need for abortion. Ann Hibner Koblitz argues that Sanger's anti-abortion attitude contributes to further stigmatization of abortion and inhibits the growth of a wider reproductive rights movement.

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Legacy

Sanger's writings are curated by two universities: The University of New York University's history department maintains the Sanger Margaret Sanger Papers Project, and Smith College's Collections of Sophia Smith stores the collection of Margaret Sanger Papers .

Sanger's story also features biographies, including David Kennedy's biography of Birth Control in America: Margaret Sanger's career (1970), which won the Bancroft Prize and the John Gilmary Shea Prize. He is also the subject of television films Portrait of a Rebel: The Mrs. Extraordinary Sanger (1980), and Choices of the Heart: The Margaret Sanger Story (1995). In 2013, American cartoonist Peter Bagge published Woman Rebel , a biography full of Sanger's graphic novels.

Sanger has been recognized with several awards. His speech "Childhood Era", given in 1925, is listed as # 81 in the Top 20 American Speech Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank). Sanger was the inspiration for Wonder Woman, a comic book character introduced by William Marston in 1941. Marston was influenced by early feminist thinking while in college, and later formed a romantic relationship with Sanger's nephew Olive Byrne. According to Jill Lepore, some Wonder Woman storylines are at least partly inspired by Sanger, such as character involvement with strikes and labor protests. Between (and included) 1953 and 1963 Sanger was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 31 times. In 1957, the American Humanist Association named it Humanist of the Year. In 1966 Planned Parenthood began issuing the Margaret Sanger Award annually to honor "different individuals in recognition of excellence and leadership in promoting reproductive health and reproductive rights". The artwork of 1979 The Dinner Party shows place settings for it. In 1993, the US National Park Service established the Margaret Sanger Clinic - where it provided birth control services in New York in the mid-twentieth century - as a National Historic Landmark. In addition, government authorities and other agencies have memorialized Sanger by dedicating several landmarks in his name, including residential buildings on the Stony Brook University campus, a room in the Wellesley College library, and Margaret Sanger Square in the Noho area of ​​New York City. There is a statue of Sanger at the National Portrait Gallery, which is a gift from Cordelia Scaife May. Sanger, the crater in the northern hemisphere of Venus, takes its name from Margaret Sanger.

Due to his association with Planned Parenthood, many who oppose abortion often condemn Sanger by criticizing his view of birth control and eugenics. Despite such controversy, Sanger continues to be regarded as a force in the American reproductive rights movement and the women's rights movement.

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Work

Books and pamphlets

• What Every Mother Should Know - Originally published in 1911 or 1912, based on a series of articles published by Sanger in 1911 at New York Calls, , in turn, was based on a series of lectures Sanger gave to women's groups of Socialist parties in 1910-1911. Several editions were published in the 1920s, by Max N. Maisel and Tulus Publishing, under the title What Every Mother Should Know, or how six young children are taught the truth... Online (1921 ) edition, Michigan State University)
• Family Limitation Ã, - Originally published in 1914 as a 16 page pamphlet; also published in several later editions. Online (1917, 6th ed., Michigan State University); Online (English edition 1920, Bakunin Press, revised by author of the 9th edition of America);
• What Every Girl Should Know - Originally published in 1916 by Max N. Maisel; 91 pages; also published in several later editions. Online (1920 edition); Online (1922 ed., Michigan State University)
• Cases for Birth Control: Supplementary Supplement and Statement of Facts - May 1917, published to provide information to the court in legal proceedings. Online (Internet Archive)
• Women and New Races , 1920, Publishing the Truth, preface by Havelock Ellis. Online (Harvard University); Online (Project Gutenberg); Online (Internet Archive); Audio at Archive.org
• The Debate on Birth Control - 1921, a text of the debates between Sanger, Theodore Roosevelt, Russel Winter, George Bernard Shaw, Robert L. Wolf, and Emma Sargent Russell. Published as a 208 edition of the Little Blue Book series by Haldeman-Julius Co. Online (1921, Michigan State University)
• The Pivot of Civilization , 1922, Brentanos. Online (1922, Project Gutenberg); Online (1922, Google Books)
• Motherhood in Bondage , 1928, Brentanos. Online (Google Books).
• My Battle for Birth Control , 1931, New York: Farrar & amp; Rinehart
• Autobiography . New York, NY: Cooper Square Press. 1938. ISBNÃ, 0-8154-1015-8.
• Fight for Birth Control , 1916, New York (Library of Congress)
• Birth Control Problems Parents or Women? "Birth Control Review, March 1919, 6-7.

Periodical

• Female Rebels - Seven issues published every month from March 1914 to August 1914. Sanger is a publisher and editor.
• Birth Control - Published every month from February 1917 to 1940. Sanger was Editor until 1929, when he resigned from ABCL. Not to be confused with Birth Control , published by the Society for Constructive Birth Control and Racial Progress based in London.

Collection and anthology

• Sanger, Margaret, Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 1: The Woman Rebel, 1900-1928 , Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds), University of Illinois Press , 2003
• Sanger, Margaret, Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 2: Birth Control Age, 1928-1939 , Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds), University of Illinois Press, 2007
• Sanger, Margaret, Selective Papers of Margaret Sanger, Volume 3: Political Parent Planning, 1939-1966 , Esther Katz, Cathy Moran Hajo, Peter Engelman (eds), University of Illinois Press, 2010
• The work by Margaret Sanger in Project Gutenberg
• The Margaret Sanger Papers at Smith College
• The Margaret Sanger Project at New York University
• McElderry, Michael J. (1976). "Margaret Sanger: List of Papers in the Library of Congress". Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved March 30, 2009 .
• Correspondence between Sanger and McCormick, from the Pill documentary film; additional material, PBS, American Experience (manufacturer). on line.

Source of the article : Wikipedia