Smoking among teens and teenagers is a problem affecting countries around the world. While the extent to which smoking is seen as a negative health behavior may vary across countries, it remains a problem regardless of how it is perceived by different communities. The United States has taken many actions, ranging from changes in national policies surrounding cigarette youth access to changes in media campaigns, in an effort to eliminate the use of tobacco products among teenagers. About 90% of smokers start smoking before the age of 18 years. In an effort to reduce the number of smokers and the negative effects of smoking on the community, it is necessary to reduce the number of youth and adolescents who start smoking.
Video Youth smoking
History
Statistics
While smoking rates among adults and adolescents have declined in the last ten years in the United States, large numbers of teenagers continue to smoke. The Surgeon General's warning that was released in 1964 was a major boost to this change. In 1965, about 45% of Americans smoked, but the prevalence of current tobacco smokers is less than 25% of adults. The pattern of smoking among youths has slightly different trajectories, so smoking rates for high school students began to increase in the early 1990s and did not begin to decline until the end of the decade. If current smoking trends continue, 5.6 million young people living today will die prematurely. According to economist Kenneth Warner, Ph.D., the tobacco industry needs 5,000 new young smokers every day to keep the total number of smokers.
In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than 4 million high school and high school students in the United States currently use tobacco products. National epidemiological surveys often provide key findings on the proportion of youth who ingest tobacco. The National Tobacco Youth Survey (NYTS) is designed to provide data on the tobacco behavior of high school and high school students, as well as attitudes, beliefs, and exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco influences. Results from NYTS 2011-2016 revealed that approximately 20.2% of high school students (grades 9-12) reported current tobacco use, which has been defined using tobacco products in the last 30 days. In further support of these findings, the National Survey on Drug and Health Use (NSDUH) is a leading epidemiological survey that assesses national and country level information on alcohol, tobacco, drug use, and mental health, in the United States.. NSDUH defines current smoking as smoking all or part of cigarettes over the last 30 days. The 2012 NSDUH Survey revealed that 6.6% of youth between the ages of 12 and 17 are current cigarette smokers. Women and men had the same prevalence estimates, 6.3% and 6.8%, respectively. Demographic details are such that Caucasian youths show the largest smoking prevalence (8.2%), followed by Hispanic or Latino youth (4.8%) and African-American youth (4.1%). The age-based breakdown shows the age range between 16 and 17 has the highest prevalence (13.6%), followed by the age range 14 to 15 (4.6%), and the age range of 12 to 13 (1.2%). In terms of socioeconomic status, there is a greater prevalence of youth smoking below the poverty level (7.6%) than at or above the poverty level (6.2%). Examination of regional differences across the United States showed the highest prevalence of smoking among adolescents in the Midwest (7.8%) and South (7.2%), followed by the Northeast (5.7%) and the West (5.1% ). The results of this epidemiological study underscore the prevalence of continued smoking among adolescents. Prevention and control measures that reduce smoking habits among adolescents can improve the short-term and long-term health of the country
Tobacco Laws and Regulations
Youth access to cigarettes is determined largely by national and state laws and regulations. The primary step of the first government agency placed to limit smoking stemmed from the first Surgeon General's Report in 1964 that established smoking that caused increased mortality. A year after the release of this report, Hacking and Labeling of Federal Cigarettes is issued because it requires health warnings on all packets of cigarettes. The next major action passed in 1970 was the Cigarette Smoking Act for Public Health prohibiting radio and television cigarette advertisements. Nearly 15 years later in 1984, Comprehensive Comprehensive Education Act was passed requiring health labels on cigarette packages to rotate between four different health warning labels. Then in 1986, the Comprehensive Comprehensive Tobacco Health Education Act was passed further strengthening the rules placed by previous actions. The action passed between 1965 and 1985 primarily aims to make the public more aware of the health hazards associated with smoking.
Beginning in the late 1980s, congressional action was oriented towards limiting the use and access of cigarettes in public places. In 1988 an amendment was made to the Federal Aviation Act that made domestic flights less than two hours of cigarette smoke, which was later supported by the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act of 2000 which banned smoking on all domestic flights and flights to international. location. The next major smoking-related amendment was the Synar Amendment in 1992. Amendments to Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Reorganization The Mental Health Act administration requires states to ban the sale of tobacco products to minors, reducing the availability of these products to minors , and allows for random checks of tobacco outlets. Four years later, a series of regulations passed restricting the distribution of tobacco smoke and tobacco to protect children and adolescents by providing the highest jurisdiction to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, in 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress, as opposed to the FDA, was ordered to have the authority to regulate tobacco.
The main actions passed recently in 2009 were the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. The law provides many provisions on the distribution of cigarettes, but specifically for young people prohibits the sale of flavored cigarettes that may be particularly prominent for young people. This action also limits tobacco product advertisements to young people and prohibits free cigarette samples. The additional measures passed are the Cigarette Trade Prevention Act (PACT) 2010 which also has helped limit youth access to tobacco via the internet. This action uses strict identification tactics, both at the time of purchase and delivery of tobacco products, to prevent underage youth from buying cigarettes. Many additional actions at the country and community level to prevent the use of teenage cigarettes include increasing tobacco excise taxes, local support for tobacco laws, and smoking in areas such as restaurants, schools, workplaces and hospitals.
Maps Youth smoking
Stages in Smoking Youth
Youth who start smoking through various stages, each affected by various factors, before becoming a daily smoker. Stages can progress in any direction and stop or restart several times.
Stage 1 : Pre-contemplation/preparation - Youth in this stage never smoked and most likely had little desire to start smoking. Teenagers in this stage tend to be immune to the effects of social pressure on smoking or not seeing smoking in a positive light.
Stage 2 : Contemplation/Preparation - Confidence of a teenager about smoking starts to change as they begin to contemplate smoking. Teenagers will often develop an attitude or imagine what kind of smoking it is before initiation. In particular, this attitude toward smoking may often be negative, but it does not stand out or impact teenagers because of either positive media messages or role models (ie smoker parents). Teenagers in this stage begin to consider the function of smoking, with popular reasons including smoking being cold or independent, reducing social anxiety, and regulating emotions.
Stage 3 : Initiation - This stage consists of a teenager who tries an initial cigarette. Usually, there is a stronger friend or family influence that motivates this initial behavior. Adolescents may also want to improve their self-image if they receive minimal approval from their desired counterparts to further increase the chance of initiation.
Stage 4 : Experimentation - During this stage, there is a steady increase in the frequency of cigarette use, as well as the various situations in which cigarettes are used. There is an imbalance between positive and negative values ​​placed on cigarettes, so a teen adopts an increasingly positive outlook on cigarettes. Teenage smokers in this stage are not guaranteed to be regular smokers and still have the option to quit smoking. Among the smokers in this category who tend to become regular smokers, negative aspects of smoking such as burning or heat sensations decrease, and positive benefits are more emphasized. Although there can be an acute early positive effect of smoking (ie increased heart rate and nervous system stimulation), smoking during this and subsequent stages may be associated with some of the more severe physiological consequences of smoking. In addition, teens at this stage may begin associating themselves with a personal identity as a smoker because they are learning how to smoke (ie how to handle cigarettes, inhale properly, etc.).
Stage 5 : Regular Smoking - Smoking throughout this stage becomes less frequent and more orderly. Smoking regularly in youth may vary from smoking at social gatherings or smoking on most weekdays. Teenagers in this category are not characterized as smoking every day or at high tariffs.
Stage 6 : Sudden Smoking/Daily - Not all teenage smokers from the previous stage moved to this stage, although most made progress to smoke every day. Adolescent smokers in this stage may start experiencing symptoms associated with nicotine dependence such as strong cravings or withdrawal symptoms. At this point, the combination of physiological and biological factors retains smoking behavior as part of the adolescent self-regulation.
Previous research has examined the differential effects of various effects that can occur at different stages of smoking. Connectivity with one's family, and being a member of a Hispanic or Asian ethnic group, was found to be a protector against smokers who never smoked, researchers, and regular smokers. Risk factors in all three states' smoking status include maternal smoking or greater depressive symptoms. Mother smoking may be a greater risk factor among girls than boys. An additional major risk factor is the use of alcohol, which has been shown to be more influential during the early stages of smoking.
Cause
Demographic Factors
Research has shown that there are certain personal factors that correlate with higher use of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Age has been identified as a risk factor, as older adolescents tend to have higher rates of regular cigarettes and the use of other tobacco products than younger adolescents. However, older adolescents have a lower risk of smoking initiation on the grounds that older adolescents are less vulnerable than younger adolescents in getting involved in the initial smoking process. In terms of gender, men smoke more per day, use nicotine-containing cigarettes higher, and inhale deeper smoke. Men also show increased satisfaction from their cigarettes, as well as a shorter latency between when they wake up in the morning and when they have their first cigarette, which is a sign of greater nicotine dependence. Women continue to experience environmental stress for smoking. In examining gender differences in adolescents who smoke, Branstetter and colleagues (2012) found that women were more often surrounded by family members and romantic couples who smoked.
Ethnicity and educational status have also been associated with different rates of smoking. Results from 2014 NSDUH reveal that Caucasian teenagers are more likely to smoke than African-American teenagers. These results are consistent with previous outcomes of African-American adolescents who consistently had lower rates of smoking initiation and progressed to smoking every day. Hispanic youth have also been shown to have an increased risk of onset of smoking as well. For educational status, youth who do not support higher education, such as attending college, are more likely than their peers to become smokers. Furthermore, adolescents whose parents with college education are at least more likely to become smokers.
Certain social interpersonal factors have been linked to smoking. Adolescents who engage in antisocial behavior, such as fighting, stealing, and using other drugs are more likely to smoke than those who are not involved in antisocial behavior. Parents have a very strong effect on child smoking behavior. Examination of the influence of parents found that teenagers whose parents smoked were more likely to smoke, and this effect increased with the number of parents who smoked at home. The period in which a child is exposed to parental smoking is also associated with an increased risk of smoking. Interestingly, there is a negative relationship that arises between parents' smoking habits and the teenager's first cigarette so that smoking parents have a stronger negative response to a child's first cigarette. In particular, the effects of parental smoking can be different from several important factors. There is a greater effect of fathers who smoke in boys than girls, the effects of father smoking depend on whether the father lives at home with teenagers, and there is a greater effect of smoking the elderly on younger children under the age of 13. parents, siblings can also have an effect on teen smoking. An examination of more than 400 families with at least two teenagers aged between 13 and 17 found that teenagers with older siblings who smoked were more likely to start smoking alone about one year later. However, younger adolescent smoking behavior does not affect the behavior of older teen smokers. If older or younger siblings have the best friends who smoke, they are more likely to smoke about a year later.
Additional fields of risk factors fall under pressure. In particular, adolescents who experience many very stressful events during childhood have a higher risk of starting smoking at age 14. The most important factors contributing to early smoking include parental separation, witnessing or abuse, or living in a household with imprisoned or mentally ill. A teenager's home environment can also influence their perception of cigarette usage. Since the use of tobacco among youth peaked in the 1990s, the perception that dangerous cigarettes has increased has been a critical contributor to the decline rate over the last twenty years. However, many teenage smokers see themselves as having minimal smoking risks until none of the first few years that they smoke. While many teenage smokers admit that there is a risk of smoking, they do not seem to understand the risks that will occur and thus continue to smoke. The perceived risk associated with smoking that teens often adopt is associated with various indicators of nicotine dependence. In a study examining the relationship between perceptions of tobacco dependence and smoking vulnerability among adolescents with minimal smokers, perceptions of mental dependence on tobacco, and no physical dependence, were associated with smoking susceptibility. Thus, adolescents feel psychological dependence appears to be an important risk factor for susceptibility to smoking. Adolescents put less weight on the physical dependence on nicotine that can develop and perpetuate their smoking behavior.
Biological Factors
While many of these environmental risk factors can have a powerful effect, there is also a set of biological risk factors that can increase a teenager's chances of becoming a smoker. Adolescent examinations between the ages of 12 and 19 found that the heritability estimates for smoking initiation ranged from 36% to 56% in various samples, with similar heritability estimates for regular smoking ranging from 27% to 52%. Genomewide association studies and sequencing are ongoing to examine the relevant genetic variants that contribute strongly to smoking behavior. These genetic risk factors do not operate separately from environmental risk factors, but they often function synergistically to influence smoking behavior. For example, school environments (ie school smoking norms, prevalence of student smoking, etc.) have been shown to moderate genetic risk factors for smoking in adolescents.
Consequences
Many of the health consequences for smoking have been thoroughly documented. The top negative health causes that are causally associated with smoking are upper gastrointestinal cancers, lung cancer, and chronic diseases including diabetes, coronary heart disease, pneumonia, and overall poorer immune function. While many of these cancers and diseases can develop when an individual is of older age, a change in the physical well-being of a person who contributes to this disease can begin during adolescence. In a study that looked at nearly 10,000 men and women between the ages of ten and eighteen throughout the United States, smoking teenagers showed impaired lung function. Teenage smokers show delayed growth in lung function, as well as mild airway obstruction. While heart disease and stroke are more common consequences seen in adulthood, early signs of this effect can often be found in adolescent smokers. In addition, the resting heart rate of young adult smokers is expected to beat two to three minutes faster than younger adult smokers. Young smokers also tend to visit doctors regularly, and suffer more shortness of breath and build sputum, than non-adolescent smokers.
In addition to the negative physical health consequences, adolescent smoking is also associated with negative psychological consequences. Severe smoking throughout adolescence is associated with an increased risk of general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in early adulthood. They also tend to visit mental health care providers for emotional or psychological problems that may arise. In addition to psychological consequences, the use of teenage cigarettes is also associated with subsequent drug use. The Gateway Hypothesis proposes that drug use develops gradually, with the use of an initial drug consisting of drugs such as alcohol and tobacco and later excavated uses comprising the darker use of narcotics. Nicotine itself using itself has been shown to be an early 'gateway' drug that increases the risk of subsequent cocaine use.
Alternative Tobacco Products
E-Cigarettes
One popular trend among young smokers is the emergence of electric cigarettes recently. For the first time in 2014, e-cigarette use is higher among teenagers than traditional cigarette smoking. The most common reason for using e-cigarettes is to experiment, followed by others reporting e-cigarettes taste good and electric cigarettes to help quit smoking conventional cigarettes. Students who lack e-cigarette association with a serious risk compared with conventional smoking cigarettes. In national examinations as part of the National Tobacco Youth Survey 2011 and 2012, the use of e-cigarettes is associated with a greater likelihood of having a history or is currently an active smoker. For current smokers, the use of electronic cigarettes is associated with a higher likelihood of planning to quit smoking. Among cigarette researchers, defined in this particular study as having less than a puff of cigarettes, the use of e-cigarettes is associated with a lower likelihood of staying fast than conventional cigarettes. A study of nearly 2,000 high school students found that students who used electric and ordinary cigarettes had a much greater number of risk factors associated with smoking. Compared to non-smoking students, students who use e-cigarettes alone or use both electric and ordinary cigarettes more often see electric cigarettes healthier than ordinary cigarettes. In addition, there is little disagreement for the use of e-cigarette among adolescents. The role of electric cigarettes as a risk factor or protector for traditional cigarettes is debatable, but teenagers are particularly vulnerable to the lure that accompanies electric cigarettes. Ultimately, e-cigarettes can play the role of 'gateway' to smoking traditional cigarettes. An exciting new trend among youths is to use e-cigarettes to evaporate liquid marijuana which can increase the potential of THC strains that increase the potential consequences for adolescent brain development.
Cigar
Following e-cigarettes, the most commonly used tobacco product among youth is a cigar. By 2016 it is estimated that 7.7% of high school students smoke cigars. From 2000 to 2012 there was a surge in the use of teenage cigars, with almost twice as much cigar consumption among young people. National estimates of current cigar use reveal that while traditional cigarette use declines, cigar use remains as high as 13% among high school students. The joint use of cigarettes and cigars is very common. One study found that teenagers who experimented with cigarettes and cigars, about 40% of teens smoked and cigars regularly. In addition, the use of cigars was higher among individuals who smoked double tobacco products compared with teenagers who only smoked cigars. In terms of individual differences, African-American youths are more likely to use cigars than Caucasian youth. The use of cigars is also more likely to be male and use other tobacco and alcohol products.
While many teenagers may suspect cigars to be less dangerous than cigarettes, cigars may be more dangerous than cigarettes because they contain more tar, higher toxic levels because cigarette packs are less permeable than cigarette packs, and contain higher cancer-causing substances.. The use of cigars is associated with a variety of negative health consequences including cancer of the mouth, lungs, and esophagus.
Tobacco Products without Smoke
Snus is a smokeless tobacco product that was first distributed in Sweden decades ago. There is evidence to suggest that Sweden snus has succeeded in emerging as a healthy alternative to cigarettes. In Sweden, the use of snus is proposed to reduce smoking levels as more people use snus than traditional cigarettes. This product recently came to market in the United States as Camel cigarette company launched their Camel Snus product in 2009. The use of snus among teenage groups has alarmed many prominent public health officials. Snus can help teenagers in smoking cessation or in hazard reduction, but Snus can also be used in conjunction with cigarettes and thus increase the risk of disease. While snuses are often advertised as having fewer dangers than cigarettes, the most significant health effects can have include maintaining dependence on cigarettes and using snus as an early tobacco product before attempting other tobacco products. The interesting qualities of snus products for teenagers include that they come in flavor, are a form of tobacco lacek, and they are often advertised as being usable in public places where traditional cigarette smoking is not allowed.
Non-smokeless tobacco products are orbs. They are one of the latest tobacco products currently being tested in the market are Camel's Orbs. Orbs are soluble tobacco pills that come in various flavors such as cinnamon or oranges that resemble gum breaths. Similar to snus, they are criticized for their allure toward children, imitating candy. With this new product, the youth population has been targeted in a new way.
Together, smokeless tobacco has increased in use from 2008 to 2010 and rates remain stable from 2010 to 2015. However, older adolescents have reduced the use of smokeless tobacco products between 2008 and 2011. Thus, while smokeless tobacco used less frequently than e-cigarettes, traditional cigarettes, or cigars, a decrease in the rate of smokeless tobacco is a public health problem.
Ads
Media
Many concerns have been raised about how smoking is described by tobacco companies. Smoking is often described in the media as 'cool' and is associated with images of relaxation, success, and freedom. One study that examined teenage perceptions about smoking in the media found that students were more likely to identify with the stress-relieving and fun effects of smoking, even when they were aware of the negative consequences of smoking. An additional study found that teens who were exposed to films with large quantities of smoking were almost three times as likely to experiment or become regular smokers. For smoking initiation, this effect is most prominent for individuals who are at the lowest risk of becoming smokers (ie low adolescents in sensation seeking).
The Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) aims to limit tobacco company promotional activities, but since broadcasting there has been minimal change in advertising. The appearance of tobacco brands in R-rated movies decreased 55.4%, but the PG-13 film only decreased from 15% to 11.8%. It has been suggested to reduce exposure, parents should not allow their children to wear anything or put anything in their room such as celebrity smoker poster or other things that promote tobacco companies.
Tobacco Company Ads
Children are more sensitive to tobacco advertising than adults. The three most advertised brands of cigarettes are Marlboro, Newport, and Camel. A recent report concluded that most teen smokers prefer one of these three brands. Tobacco companies have a history of ad campaigns that have been heavily scrutinized by the public. In 1999, Philip Morris ran a full-page ad in news magazines aimed at parents and conveyed the message of "forbidden fruit". They serve a bowl of fruit or a glass of milk with cookies, and then there is the question, "What else do you leave for your children?" and "What else is within reach of your children?". In 2000, Philip Morris took a different approach and distributed the cover of the book with the phrase "Think, Do not Smoke." The cover of this book is distributed to schools in California and has not been previously authorized. This conclusion, intended to make students aware of the potential dangers of smoking while at the same time attracting them against the authority of parents, failed as a result of the intervention of the California Department of Education and Justice. The California Department of Education and Justice sent a memo memo school about Philip Morris's intent and demanded that Philip Morris remember all the covers of his book.
There is some controversy about the most effective advertising element designed to promote teenage tobacco prevention and cessation. A study found that advertising a normative message that suggests that smoking will bring social rejection is best to reduce smoking intentions of young people in the future. Other studies have found that advertisements, of high value in sensations, based on "their ability to get sensory, affective, and passionate responses", are best for conveying messages to youths who are particularly vulnerable to drug use. However, other studies have shown that personal testimony, including those who have dealt with addiction itself or have family members who die from tobacco-related illnesses are most effective at preventing youth from starting tobacco use. Researchers have linked this discrepancy in what are the most effective methods for differences in methods, as well as uncontrolled foreign variables in each trial, including the emotionality of advertising, the quality of production, and how the ads are sponsored.
Prevention
While laws passed at the national and state levels have reduced the opportunities that adolescents have to access cigarettes, prevention programs at the school level have proven to be less effective. A school-based curriculum review for smoking adolescents revealed that the curriculum is not very effective in reducing smoking initiation. Although, when this curriculum is combined with several other anti-smoking methods, especially the smoke-free media or policies, the curriculum shows little efficacy. A systematic review of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) The Research-Tested Interval Program reveals that targeting certain high-risk demographic groups, and utilizing professional members and the mental health community, is one way to improve the overall effectiveness of this prevention program. While there are many components that contribute to the development of an effective anti-smoking campaign, an effective strategy may be to utilize components from other anti-smoking campaigns.
One of the main anti-smoking campaigns there is the Truth campaign. The target demographic age of this campaign is teenagers between the ages of twelve and seventeen. The main method used by the Truth campaign is to attract teenagers through the attention-grabbing television commercials. The Truth campaign uses a mass media communication strategy known as counter-marketing that previously research has proven to be an effective method for reducing the prevalence of smoking among youth. The main selling point of the Truth campaign is how it is now synonymous with the brand. Teenagers can see the brand as a form of self-expression and thus feel the connection to the Truth campaign.
See also
- Smoking cigarettes among students
- Plain tobacco packaging
References
Further reading
- Joe Camel's ad campaign at SourceWatch
- Action Against Access in SourceWatch
- [1]
External links
- Why do teens smoke? Reasons and solutions
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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